SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

40.4. Location causative: -ÁS

43373 41 Collective Plural
Models
1)SÁȻES. ‘Put it down (there).’
2)ȽEṈÁS. ‘Detach it (from there).’
3)ȻÁLES.‘Hide it (there).’
4)ȽOLES.‘Leave it (there).’
5)ĆOȻES.‘Use it.’
6)SḴÁS.‘Take it outside.’
7)NU¸ÁS.‘Take it inside.’
8)NU¸ṈIṈE SEN.‘I took you inside.’
9)NU¸ṈIṈES SW̱.‘You took me inside.’
10)NU¸ṈIṈESES. ‘He/she/they took me inside.’
11)NU¸ÁṈ SW̱.‘He/she/they took you inside’ /
  ‘You were taken inside.’
12)NU¸ÁSTW̱‘Have them put it inside.’

‣ 1 Models 1 through 7 are examples of the base form for a sample of words with this transitive suffix.
‣ 2 Note that the suffix appears as ‑ÁS or ‑ES. The ‑ÁS form occurs on zero stems, while the ‑ES form is on other stem types. Review §34 on strong, weak, and zero stems.
‣ 3 The typical meaning this suffix adds, as can be seen in the first five models and in models 6 and 7, is that something is done to something at a particular location. Something is caused to happen with respect to a particular location.
‣ 4 Model 5 is a very common word that does not clearly fit into this location meaning and has to be considered an exception.
‣ 5 Models 8, 9, and 10 show the only recorded object suffixes for this location causative. These and models 11 and 12 are based on the zero root NEW¸ ‘enter.’
‣ 6 The English translations for models 6 through 11 use ‘take,’ but ‘put’ or ‘bring’ would be equally correct in the translation. So, for example, model 6 could be translated ‘Put it outside’ or ‘Bring it outside’ as well as ‘Take it outside’ depending on the situation. Basically it means ‘Cause it to be outside.’
‣ 7 Note that there is no ‘us’ or ‘you folks’ object forms here. This is because they have never been recorded and younger L1 speakers do not know them.
‣ 8 The object forms for this causative occur only rarely in the recorded texts of the oldest L1 native speakers. Considering the meaning of this causative is basically ‘put there,’ it is easy to see why the human object ‘me,’ ‘you,’ and so on forms do not occur frequently. Doing something to something at a location—putting something somewhere—is not often done to people.
‣ 9 The object suffixes that go with the ‑ÁS location causative are different from either the S-set (§32.1) or Ṉ-set (§32.2) objects. Here is a chart that shows the partial set recorded:
     Singular      Plural
1       -ṈIṈES‘me’        ?‘us’
2       -ṈIṈE‘you’        ?‘you folks’
3        Æ‘him, her, it’        Æ‘them’





‣ 10 We can safely presume that the ‘you folks’ form would simply add the HÁLE that makes all other ‘you’ references plural, but we have no record of L1 speakers using that.
‣ 11 Similar to the control objects (§32.1) it is possible to get a third person object with a first person object, as shown in model 10. But, as model 11 shows, a third person ‘he/she/they’ acting on a second person ‘you’ requires the passive.
‣ 12 Similar to ‑ET form the passive of a word with the location causative, remove the final S and add ‑Ṉ, as shown in model 11. For example, the passive of model 5, ĆOȻES ‘use it’ is ĆOȻEṈ ‘be used.’
‣ 13 Reread point 7 in §40.3. There it is pointed out that no occurrence of ‑ET followed ‑TW̱ had ever been confirmed. Model 13 shows that we can have ‑TW̱ following the ‑ÁS causative. This creates a double causative idea. Model 13 could be translated ‘Cause them to cause it to be inside.’

 
SQÁS SE¸ SEN TŦE PUS.‘I’ll put the cat out.’
EȽENISTW̱ E SW̱?‘Did you feed it?’
NU¸ÁS SEN TŦE S¸IȽEN ¸E TŦE LO¸ŦEN, I¸ U¸ EWE S IȽEN. ‘I put food in the bowl, but it didn’t eat.’
ȽOLES TŦE LO¸ŦEN I¸ IȽEN SE¸ TŦE PUS.‘Leave it and the cat will eat.’
 
40.4A. Translate into English.
1. NU¸ÁS E SW̱ TŦE SḴAXE¸?
2. NU¸ṈIṈES SE¸ SW̱ ¸E TŦE Á¸LEṈ.
3. ȻÁLES TŦE PUS.
4. ĆOȻES SEN SE¸ TŦE NE SȻÁ¸ NE TÁLE.		40.4B. Translate into SENĆOŦEN.
1. Put the canoe down.
2. I used your paddle.
3. Take the dog outside.
4. I hid my money.

This page has paths:

  1. 40 Cause Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 41.3. Plural reduplication Montler, et al.
  2. 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 32.2. Object pronouns (subject not in control): NEW̱ verbs
  2. 32.1. Object pronouns (subject in control): ET verbs
  3. 40.3. Let causative: -TW̱
  4. 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems