SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

36.3. Other nonpatient objects and -ṈIT

43373 37 Lexical Suffixes
Models
1)ḰELṈISE SEN.‘I spoke to you.’
2)ḰELṈIS SEN.‘You spoke to me?’
3)ḰELṈITOL¸W̱ SW̱.‘You spoke to us?’
4)ḰELṈIT SEN.‘I spoke to him/her/them.’
5)ḰELṈISES.‘He/she/they spoke to me.’
6)ḰELṈITES.‘He/she/they spoke to him/her/them.’

‣ 1 This ṈIT is really two suffixes: ‑ṈI and ‑ET. The ‑ET part is the basic control transitive, so the object suffixes are the same. See §32.1. This ‑ṈI suffix often occurs with the causative. See §40.1 for details on that.
‣ 2 The ‑ṈIT suffix appears as ‑ṈET when the root keeps the stress.
‣ 3 The stem in the model is here presented as ḰELṈIT, which is based on the root ḰÁL ‘speak.’ ḰELṈIT has stress on the I, but some elders pronounce this ḰÁLṈET with stress maintained by the Á of the root.
‣ 4 The translation of the verb ḰELṈIT given in the models does not give the whole sense of the word. ḰÁLṈET can more accurately be translated ‘give a stern talking to.’ It is not quite as strong as ‘scold.’
‣ 5 The ‑ṈIT suffix is the most difficult to explain. The models show one typical usage. In the models, the direct object is not a patient—it is not undergoing any action. It is not a recipient or beneficiary, either.
‣ 6 Although the suffix is not rare, there are few clear cases of the ‑ṈIT suffix in its full context. Because its meaning and use is so different from anything in English, it is difficult to elicit from the L1 elders.
‣ 7 There are versions, what are called ‘cognates,’ of this suffix in most, if not all, of the Salishan languages. In every description (see works listed in the bibliography), its meaning and use is labeled in vague terms—‘relational,’ ‘concerning,’ ‘attitude.’ The best we can do is give a few examples:
ȽÁU¸                  ‘escape’ȽEU¸ṈIT      ‘escape from some danger’
LELÁ¸NEṈ          ‘hear’LELEṈIT      ‘listen to someone’
SȺ¸SI¸                 ‘scared’SI¸SȺ¸ṈET   ‘scared of something’
ȻÁĆEṈ               ‘holler’ȻĆÁṈET      ‘holler to someone’
‣ 8 There several more kinds of nonpatient object in SENĆOŦEN grammar. Some of the less common ones are covered in §58. An important nonpatient object construction, where the direct object has the role of possessor, is covered in the next section on lexical suffixes (§37.1).
 
ḰELṈISE LE¸ SEN. LELEṈIS E SW̱?‘I spoke to you. Did you listen to me?’
HÁ¸E. YOŦ SEN OL¸ U¸ LELEṈISE.‘Yes. I always listen to you.’
EWE Ȼ EN¸ S LELEṈIS.‘You never listen to me.’
EWE Ȼ EN¸ KÁL¸ṈET?‘You never believe me.’

36.3A. Make up a new sentence for each of the ‑ṈIT verbs in the table under point 7.
36.3B. Use the SENĆOŦEN dictionary to find one other verb with -ṈI and make two sentences from it.
 

This page has paths:

  1. 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants Montler, et al.

This page has tags:

  1. 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 32.1. Object pronouns (subject in control): ET verbs
  2. 40.1. Agent causative: -ISTW̱
  3. 37.1. Lexical suffixes as possessed objects
  4. 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion