Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

Preface to the online Scalar edition of the Klallam Grammar

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This hypertext Scalar version of the Klallam Grammar was begun in 2018 with the introductory material, the first two sections, and the first 20 chapters of the grammar section. After the first year, 2020-2021, of use in the Klallam language classes at Peninsula College, it seemed worthwhile to finish the rest through chapter 60 and the appendices during the summer of 2021. The complete online grammar was used through the advanced, second year Klallam classes in 2021-2022.

This was originally a copy of the published Klallam Grammar dressed up with audio, hyperlinks, and some video. In the course of going through the grammar in minute detail during those two years of classes, a number of typos and other errors came to light. These have been corrected in this Scalar edition. A few chapters have been augmented with grammatical facts that had not been noticed at the time of the publication of the print version. Therefore, this Scalar version is now the official, authoritative version of Klallam Grammar.

This Scalar version also includes a hypertext version of the Klallam Dictionary. This version has all of the contents of the Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections of the published Klallam Dictionary.

I want to thank Jamie Valadez, her students at Port Angeles High School, and all of the students in the Peninsula College classes, who read and worked through the entire grammar with extreme care. I especially want to thank those who provided audio for dialogs and models that were missing because of the passing of the last native speaking elders. You will hear the elders Bea Charles and Adeline Smith in the audio for most of the models and dialogs. Others filling in for them in the audio for some models and dialogs are excellent second language speakers: Jamie Valadez, Wendy Sampson, Harmony Arakawa, Ashley Pitchford, Jonathan Arakawa, and Brooke Wellman.

A very big thank you goes to the Alliance for Networking Visual Culture and the University of Southern California, who created the Scalar platform and host this Klallam Grammar on the web.

This version was last revised September 21, 2022.

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  1. Klallam Grammar Montler, et al.