Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

9.2. Not

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In Klallam, as in many languages around the world, the word for ‘not’ is the same as the word for ‘no.’ This appears in phrases where English would use words like ‘didn’t,’ ‘won’t,’ ‘isn’t,’ and so on. We say that this ‘not’ negates the statement or idea. For example, in ‘He is going’ and ‘He is not going,’ the ‘not’ negates the idea that he is going. In ‘It is a canoe’ and ‘It is not a canoe,’ the ‘not’ negates the idea that it is a canoe.

In such phrases Klallam uses a combination of ʔáwə at the beginning of the sentence with a special little word c (that’s right, just c) that comes before the main verb of the negated part of the statement. We will call this little word the ‘negative c.’ Usually a sentence beginning with ʔáwə will also have a negative c.

There are some cases in which ʔáwə and the negative c do not go together. These are cases in which the meaning involves the time expression ‘never.’ That construction is covered in §19.4.
 

This page has paths:

  1. 9 Negative Words Montler, et al.

Contents of this path:

  1. 9.2.1. ‘Not’ with ‘it/he/she’
  2. 9.2.2. ‘Not’ with ‘I,’ ‘we,’ ‘you,’ past, future, questions, and commands