Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

7.1. Object pronouns (subject in control): -t verbs

30904
 Singular Plural
1-c‘me’-úŋɬ‘us’
2-c‘you’-c hay‘you folks’
3∅‘him, her, it’∅‘them’

kʷənáŋəc cxʷ.‘You help me.’
kʷənáŋəc cxʷ hay.‘You (pl.) help me.’
kʷənaŋətúŋɬ cxʷ.‘You help us.’
kʷənaŋətúŋɬ cxʷ hay.‘You (pl.) help us.’
kʷənáŋəc cn. ‘I help you.’
kʷənáŋəc st.‘We help you.’
kʷənáŋəc cn hay.‘I help you (pl.).’
kʷənáŋəc st hay.‘We help you (pl.).’
kʷənáŋət cn.‘I help him/her/it/them.’
kʷənáŋət st.‘We help him/her/it/them.’
kʷənáŋət cxʷ.‘You help him/her/it/them.’
kʷənáŋət cxʷ hay.‘You (pl.) help him/her/it/them.’
kʷənáŋəts.‘He/she/it/they help him/her/it/them.’

► 1  The object endings meaning ‘me’ and ‘you’ have the same form: ‑c.
► 2  The ending ‑t is the control marker. If it is followed by ‑c, the ‑t is dropped. If it is followed by nothing, the object is an understood ‘him,’ ‘her,’ ‘it,’ or ‘them.’
► 3  Note that the ‘us’ suffix, ‑úŋɬ, is always stressed.
► 4  Notice that there is no example given for ‘he/she/it/they help me’ or for 'he/she/it/they help us' or for ‘he/she/it/they help you.’ A special construction is needed to translate such sentences. To express a first-person (‘me’, 'us') or second-person (‘you’) object with a ‘he/she/it/they’ subject, Klallam uses the passive construction. The passive is discussed in detail in §31. Here we will just show the basic pattern:
          kʷənáŋətəŋ cn.                   ‘He/she/it/they help me.’
          kʷənáŋətəŋ st.                    ‘He/she/it/they help us.’
          kʷənáŋətəŋ cxʷ.                 ‘He/she/it/they help you.’
ʔuʔə́y̓ u cxʷ.‘Are you okay?’
ʔáwə! kʷənáŋəc či.‘No! Help me!’
kʷənáŋəc caʔn.‘I’ll help you.’
háʔnəŋ cn!‘Thank you!’

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  1. 7 Object Pronouns Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 7.1. Exercises

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