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Klallam GrammarMain MenuKlallam GrammarAlphabet and SoundsBasicsGrammarIntroduction: How to Use This Grammar1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs2 Past and Future Tense3 Basic Speech Acts4 Nouns and Articles5 Possessive Pronouns6 Adjectives7 Object Pronouns8 The Preposition and Word Order9 Negative Words10 More Negative Words11 Self and Each Other12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions14 Questions: ‘Whose?’15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions16 Comparison17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’18 Questions: ‘When?’19 Time Expressions20 More Time Expressions21 Time Prefixes22 Questions: ‘Where?’23 Some Place Expressions24 Source, Way, and Destination25 Serial Verbs26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’27 While Clauses28 Adverbial Expressions29 Intensifier Auxiliaries30 Conditional Clauses31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels32 Lexical Suffixes33 Collective Plural34 Possessed Verbs35 So Then ...36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes37 Indirect Quotes38 Questions: ‘Why?’39 Because40 Cause41 Speech Act Particles42 The Actual: To Be Continuing43 State, Result, and Duration44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent47 Activity Suffixes48 Relative Clauses49 Verbal Prefixes50 Movement and Development Suffixes51 Nominalizing Prefixes52 Adverbial Prefixes53 More Demonstrative Articles54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success55 More Reduplication Patterns56 Interjections57 Rare Suffixes58 A Fully Annotated Text59 Texts to Annotate60 ConclusionAppendicesKlallam DictionaryKlallam-English and English-Klallam sections onlyMontler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
54-1 qʷiʔnə́wi
12021-07-09T08:24:22-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a94174910130904154.1. qʷiʔnə́wi2021-07-09T08:24:22-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
►1The verb root in each of these models should be familiar to you. The root is ʔənʔá ‘come.’ In each of the models, this root is followed by the suffix ‑nəs. ►2The ‑nəs suffix is like ‑nəxʷ in that it has a second pronunciation. In §31 it was shown that ‑nəxʷ occurred on strong and weak stems, while ‑náxʷ occurred on zero stems. Similarly, ‑nəs occurs as ‑nás on zero stems and stems that have no vowel other than ə. ►3The models are divided into two sets. The first set has ʔənʔánəs, the active, transitive form. The second set has ʔənʔánəsəŋ, the passive form. Remember (§31, §44) that the passive is marked by ‑əŋ following the transitivizer and changes the role of the subject. So, the meaning of ʔənʔánəsəŋ could also be given as ‘I was come for (or come at) by him.’ ►4Notice the English translations. Each translation has ‘came for/at.’ This indicates that the Klallam could be translated as ‘came for’ or ‘came at.’ So the first model, for example, could be translated ‘I came for him’ or ‘I came at him.’ ►5The basic meaning of this ‑nəs suffix is that there is an object approached by an agent with a particular intent. In English the sentence ‘He came at me’ would usually be understood as someone intending to do me harm. The sentence ‘He came for me’ could mean someone came intending to do me harm, or it could be someone came to help me or to give me a ride or with some other innocent intent. The Klallam ‑nəs suffix also has both uses. ►6Usually this transitivizer is interpreted as indicating some bad intent, but not necessarily. For example, the sentence ʔənʔánəsəŋ ʔaʔ cə sqáx̣aʔ would, in isolation, be interpreted as ‘The dog came at him’ or ‘The dog attacked him’ or ‘He was attacked by the dog.’ But this sentence was observed in a story told by Amy Allen, and the meaning was clearly that the dog was coming for someone stranded on a rock in the water to rescue him. In either case, the dog is certainly coming with some intent. It is just our usual experience that when a dog is coming ‘at’ you, its intent is probably not good. ►7With some roots, the ‘bad intent’ interpretation seems unavoidable. For example, the root č̓ə́yəxʷ ‘enter’ (a zero stem) combines with ‑nəs to form č̓ixʷnás ‘barge in on someone.’ So we get sentences like č̓ixʷnás cn ‘I barged in on him/her/them.’ ►8With some other roots, the ‘intent’ is usually not interpreted as ‘bad.’ For example, táči ‘arrive here’ combines with ‑nəs to produce tčínəs ‘get here for.’ So we get sentences like tčínəs cn ‘I got here for him (to pick him up)’ and tčínəsəŋ cn ‘He got here for me (to take me somewhere).’ Neither of these two sentences indicates a particularly bad intent. But they could. ►9The ‑nəs suffix can normally occur only on verbs of motion, such as ʔənʔá ‘come,’ ʔúx̣ʷ ‘go to,’ č̓ə́yəxʷ ‘go in,’ t̓úk̓ʷ ‘go home,’ wáʔ ‘go along,’ and tə́s ‘arrive there.’ See Appendix D for a long list of motion verbs. The entry for ‑nəs in the Klallam Dictionary has more examples. ►10There is one exception to the rule that the ‑nəs suffix occurs only on verbs of motion. This exception is the root háhək̓ʷ ‘remember.’ For example, háhək̓ʷnəs cn cə sqʷáy means ‘I remember the word.’ ►11You will be relieved to know that there are no special object suffixes following this transitivizer. In order to specify a first or second person object (‘me’ or ‘you’), you usually use a focus pronoun following the preposition ʔaʔ. See §4.6, §15, §16.2, §21, §34, §40.3, and §46.3 for other uses of the focus pronouns. ►12It is possible to use a special object pronoun similar to the ‑nəxʷ and ‑txʷ sets. These object suffixes begin with an ŋ. So, for example, ʔənʔanəsŋúŋə cn means ‘I came for/at you.’ This usage is found in the speech of only the oldest recorded Klallam speakers. No complete list of these object forms has been obtained. The younger elders, who directly helped with this grammar do not use it at all. A number of such forms can be found in the Klallam Dictionary. ►13The second group of models shows that when you have a third-person (he/she/it/they) agent, you must have the passive. The first- (me or us) or second-person (you) object of intent appears as the subject of the passive. In other words, in Klallam you cannot directly say something like ‘He came at us.’ You have to use the passive, as in the last model sentence, which could also be translated ‘We were come for/at by him/her/it.’
