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• 1 2018-07-28T12:42:02-07:00 41.4. šaʔ ‘obvious’; kʷə, kʷɬaʔ ‘inform’; and kʷaʔčaʔ, kʷɬaʔčaʔ ‘therefore’ 6 plain 2023-03-19T10:27:12-07:00

  kʷánəŋət šaʔ cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.	‘My friend ran, obviously.’
  kʷánəŋət kʷə cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.	‘My friend ran.’
  kʷánəŋət kʷɬaʔ tsə nəsčáʔčaʔ.	‘My (female) friend ran.’
  kʷánəŋət kʷaʔčaʔ cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.	‘Therefore, my friend ran.’
  kʷánəŋət kʷɬaʔčaʔ tsə nəsčáʔčaʔ.	‘Therefore, my (female) friend ran.’

  
  ► 1 The šaʔ particle is usually translated ‘obviously.’ When using this, the speaker indicates that the situation is clearly true and easily can be seen to be true by the addressee, as well.
  ► 2 The kʷə particle is very common in conversation. It is used when the speaker is giving information to the addressee. It usually has no special translation in English. The second model could be translated ‘Here’s some information for you: my friend ran.’
  ► 3 The kʷə particle is used only when the experience is not shared between the speaker and listener. It's never used if both the speaker and listener know the information. So mán̕ kʷə ʔuʔ ʔə́y̕ ʔaʔ či ʔən̕stáči 'It's very good that you have arrived' is okay--I'm letting you know about my experience of your arrival. But mán̕ kʷə ʔuʔ ʔə́y̕ cə sʔíɬən 'The food is very good' would be used only if the listener is not eating. If both the speaker and listener are sharing the experience of the food, kʷə would not be used.
  ► 4 The kʷɬaʔ speech act particle is used in the same way as kʷə, but it is used when the information is about a female person.
  ► 5 The kʷaʔčaʔ particle was seen in §38 and §39. Review those sections now.
  ► 6 Generally, kʷaʔčaʔ is used when the speaker wants the addressee to know that the event is the consequence of some previously mentioned event or string of events. It can be translated into English with ‘therefore,’ ‘so then,’ or ‘that’s why.’  It is also often translated as simply ‘then.’
  ► 7 Some speakers sometimes use kʷaʔčaʔɬ or kʷaʔčə rather than kʷaʔčaʔ. These all have the same use.
  ► 8 You most commonly hear kʷaʔčaʔ in stories, and especially after níɬ in the níɬ suʔ‑  construction, as in níɬ kʷaʔčaʔ suʔhiyaʔs ‘So, therefore, he went.’ Review §39.2 on this construction.
  ► 9 Just as with kʷə and kʷɬaʔ, kʷaʔčaʔ has a feminine counterpart in kʷɬaʔčaʔ, which means the same thing but is sometimes used when the situation involves a female.