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Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

41-1 qʷiʔnə́wi

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41.1. č̓ ‘hearsay,’ iq ‘wish,’ ixʷ ‘guess,’ ʔuʔčə ‘must,’ and q̓ ‘emphatic’

kʷánəŋət č̓ cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.	‘I heard that my friend ran.’
kʷánəŋət iq cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.	‘I wish my friend ran.’
kʷánəŋət ixʷ cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.	‘I guess my friend ran.’
kʷánəŋət ʔuʔčə cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.	‘My friend must have run.’
kʷánəŋət q̓ cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.	‘My friend really ran!’

► 1 The English translations of this set of Klallam speech act particles are primarily adverbs.
► 2 The particle č̓ is used when the speaker wants to let the addressee know that the speaker knows about the event only through hearing about it. It is used often in stories that are legends or fairy tales handed down through the generations. This can be translated with English ‘apparently,’ ‘evidently,’ or ‘they say.’
► 3 The iq particle is used when the speaker believes that the event is not true and wants the addressee to know that he or she desires the event to be true. This is almost always translated with English ‘I wish.’
► 4 The iq particle is also pronounced yəq, especially in the older recordings of Klallam. Also, some speakers sometimes pronounce this iqɬ.
► 5 The ixʷ particle is used when the speaker wants the addressee to know that he or she is speculating or guessing that the event is true. It can be translated with ‘I guess’ or ‘must have.’ For example, the third model could be also be translated ‘My friend must have run.’
► 6 The ixʷ particle is also pronounced yəxʷ, especially in the older recordings of Klallam.
► 7 The ʔuʔčə particle is used when the speaker wants to give an estimate based on his or her best knowledge. The speaker uses this one to indicate that he or she is pretty sure the statement is true. It best translates into English as ‘must be’ or ‘must have been.’ Here is an example: ŋús ʔuʔčə skʷáči ‘it must have been four days.’ This sentence was used to describe how long the swelling lasted after an injury. Note that in English ‘must’ can also mean ‘have to’ or ‘be obliged to’ or ‘be required to.’ The ʔuʔčə particle never indicates this kind of obligation or requirement.
► 8 The q̓ particle, also pronounced q̓ə, is used when the speaker wants the addressee to know that he or she is impressed and surprised that the event happened. This particle adds a lot of emphasis to the statement. There are lots of ways to translate this into English, such as ‘really!’ ‘indeed!’ or ‘man!’

	ŋə́n̓ č̓ tálə cə sɬániʔ.	‘That lady apparently has lots of money.’
	siʔám̓ čtə.	‘She’s probably rich.’
	čə́q q̓ə cə ʔáʔyəŋs.	‘She has a really big house!’
	stáŋ ʔuč cə snás.	‘What is her name?’