Thanks for your patience during our recent outage at scalar.usc.edu. While Scalar content is loading normally now, saving is still slow, and Scalar's 'additional metadata' features have been disabled, which may interfere with features like timelines and maps that depend on metadata. This also means that saving a page or media item will remove its additional metadata. If this occurs, you can use the 'All versions' link at the bottom of the page to restore the earlier version. We are continuing to troubleshoot, and will provide further updates as needed. Note that this only affects Scalar projects at scalar.usc.edu, and not those hosted elsewhere.
Klallam GrammarMain MenuKlallam GrammarAlphabet and SoundsBasicsGrammarIntroduction: How to Use This Grammar1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs2 Past and Future Tense3 Basic Speech Acts4 Nouns and Articles5 Possessive Pronouns6 Adjectives7 Object Pronouns8 The Preposition and Word Order9 Negative Words10 More Negative Words11 Self and Each Other12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions14 Questions: ‘Whose?’15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions16 Comparison17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’18 Questions: ‘When?’19 Time Expressions20 More Time Expressions21 Time Prefixes22 Questions: ‘Where?’23 Some Place Expressions24 Source, Way, and Destination25 Serial Verbs26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’27 While Clauses28 Adverbial Expressions29 Intensifier Auxiliaries30 Conditional Clauses31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels32 Lexical Suffixes33 Collective Plural34 Possessed Verbs35 So Then ...36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes37 Indirect Quotes38 Questions: ‘Why?’39 Because40 Cause41 Speech Act Particles42 The Actual: To Be Continuing43 State, Result, and Duration44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent47 Activity Suffixes48 Relative Clauses49 Verbal Prefixes50 Movement and Development Suffixes51 Nominalizing Prefixes52 Adverbial Prefixes53 More Demonstrative Articles54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success55 More Reduplication Patterns56 Interjections57 Rare Suffixes58 A Fully Annotated Text59 Texts to Annotate60 ConclusionAppendicesKlallam DictionaryKlallam-English and English-Klallam sections onlyMontler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
41.1. č̓ ‘hearsay,’ iq ‘wish,’ ixʷ ‘guess,’ ʔuʔčə ‘must,’ and q̓ ‘emphatic’
12018-07-28T12:41:24-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101309044plain2021-07-16T12:43:53-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
kʷánəŋət č̓ cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.
‘I heard that my friend ran.’
kʷánəŋət iq cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.
‘I wish my friend ran.’
kʷánəŋət ixʷ cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.
‘I guess my friend ran.’
kʷánəŋət ʔuʔčə cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.
‘My friend must have run.’
kʷánəŋət q̓ cə nəsčáʔčaʔ.
‘My friend really ran!’
►1The English translations of this set of Klallam speech act particles are primarily adverbs. ►2The particle č̓ is used when the speaker wants to let the addressee know that the speaker knows about the event only through hearing about it. It is used often in stories that are legends or fairy tales handed down through the generations. This can be translated with English ‘apparently,’ ‘evidently,’ or ‘they say.’ ►3The iq particle is used when the speaker believes that the event is not true and wants the addressee to know that he or she desires the event to be true. This is almost always translated with English ‘I wish.’ ►4The iq particle is also pronounced yəq, especially in the older recordings of Klallam. Also, some speakers sometimes pronounce this iqɬ. ►5The ixʷ particle is used when the speaker wants the addressee to know that he or she is speculating or guessing that the event is true. It can be translated with ‘I guess’ or ‘must have.’ For example, the third model could be also be translated ‘My friend must have run.’ ►6The ixʷ particle is also pronounced yəxʷ, especially in the older recordings of Klallam. ►7The ʔuʔčə particle is used when the speaker wants to give an estimate based on his or her best knowledge. The speaker uses this one to indicate that he or she is pretty sure the statement is true. It best translates into English as ‘must be’ or ‘must have been.’ Here is an example: ŋús ʔuʔčə skʷáči ‘it must have been four days.’ This sentence was used to describe how long the swelling lasted after an injury. Note that in English ‘must’ can also mean ‘have to’ or ‘be obliged to’ or ‘be required to.’ The ʔuʔčə particle never indicates this kind of obligation or requirement. ►8The q̓ particle, also pronounced q̓ə, is used when the speaker wants the addressee to know that he or she is impressed and surprised that the event happened. This particle adds a lot of emphasis to the statement. There are lots of ways to translate this into English, such as ‘really!’ ‘indeed!’ or ‘man!’
ŋə́n̓ č̓ tálə cə sɬániʔ.
‘That lady apparently has lots of money.’
siʔám̓ čtə.
‘She’s probably rich.’
čə́q q̓ə cə ʔáʔyəŋs.
‘She has a really big house!’
stáŋ ʔuč cə snás.
‘What is her name?’
This page has paths:
12018-07-20T18:58:41-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a94174910141 Speech Act ParticlesMontler, et al.6plain7799112022-01-24T13:19:46-08:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
Contents of this tag:
12021-07-12T07:59:30-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a94174910141.1. Exercises3plain2022-05-10T11:40:32-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
