Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

3.2. Yes/no questions: ____ u

30904 4 Nouns and Articles

hiyáʔ u cxʷ.‘Did you go?’ or ‘Are you going?’
ƛ̓kʷə́t u st.‘Are we going to take it?’ or ‘Did we take it?’
hiyáʔ u yaʔ cxʷ.‘Did you go?’
ƛ̓kʷə́t u caʔ st.‘Are we going to take it?’

► 1  A yes/no question is any question that can be answered with a ‘yes’ or a ‘no.’ Some examples of yes/no questions in English are ‘Did you go?’ and ‘Are we going to take it?’
► 2  The formation of yes/no questions in Klallam is very easy. Simply put u right after the verb.
► 3  If there is any tense marker, the u goes before it. But remember that the tense marker is optional if the context makes it clear.
► 4  There are types of questions that require an answer other than ‘yes’ or ‘no.’ These other types of questions are the ‘who,’ ‘what,’ ‘how,’ ‘where,’ ‘when,’ and ‘why’ questions. These questions are a little more complicated in Klallam and are covered later.
► 5  Note that this little particle is never stressed.
► 6  The Klallam Language Program has decided to make the use of question marks optional. Since the u clearly marks the sentence as a question, most students feel that the European style marker ? at the end is unnecessary. One reason to not use the question mark is that can be easily mistaken for a glottal stop. This book does not use the question mark in Klallam sentences, but be aware that some like it and some don’t.
ʔuʔə́y̓ u cxʷ.‘Are you well?’
ʔuʔə́y̓ cn.‘I’m fine.’
štə́ŋ u caʔ cxʷ.‘Will you walk?’
ʔáwə. kʷánəŋət caʔn.‘No. I’ll run.’

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  1. 3 Basic Speech Acts Montler, et al.

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  1. 3.2. Exercises

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