Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

26.1. ‘How?’

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ʔəsx̣ʷəníŋ̓ ʔuč.‘How is it?’
ʔəsx̣ʷəníŋ̓ cxʷ ʔuč.‘How are you?’
ʔəsx̣ʷəníŋ̓ ʔay̓ cə ʔən̓tán.‘How is your mother?’
ʔəsx̣ʷəníŋ̓ ʔay̓ či ʔən̓shiyáʔ.‘How do you go?’
ʔəsx̣ʷəníŋ̓ či ʔən̓shiyáʔ.‘How do you go?’
ʔəsx̣ʷəníŋ̓ caʔ ʔay̓ či ʔən̓shiyáʔ.‘How will you go?’
ʔəsx̣ʷəníŋ̓ yaʔ ʔay̓ kʷi ʔən̓shiyáʔ.‘How did you go?’

► 1 The word ʔəsx̣ʷəníŋ̓ is probably familiar to you. You have probably heard ʔəsx̣ʷəníŋ̓ cxʷ, which means ‘How are you?’
► 2 The basic meaning of ʔəsx̣ʷəníŋ̓ includes ‘some way, manner’ as well as ‘how.’
► 3 The pattern shown in the models is probably also familiar to you. Take a look at the patterns for ‘when?’ questions in §18. The pattern is the same. Only the basic question word is different.
► 4 Just as in other questions, ʔuč may be used instead of ʔay̓, and the sentence would be good without either.
► 5 Just as with the ‘when?’ questions, the subject of the event is indicated with the possessive pronoun.
► 6 Also just as with the ‘when?’ questions, the article či is usually used if the event is in the present or future. The article kʷə or kʷi is usually used if the event is in the past.
► 7 Since ʔəsx̣ʷəníŋ̓  is a very commonly used word, the pronunciation of it varies quite a lot. Here are other pronunciations you might encounter in fluent speech: ʔəsx̣ʷan̓íŋ, ʔəsx̣ʷanʔéŋ, ʔəsx̣ʷaʔnéŋ̓, sx̣ʷaʔníŋ̓, ʔəsx̣ʷaʔníŋ̓, sx̣ʷaníŋ, sx̣ʷəníŋ
ʔəsx̣ʷəníŋ̓ ʔay̓ cə ʔən̓cáčc.‘How is your uncle?’
txʷaʔx̣ə́ɬ kʷi.‘He got hurt.’
ʔaʔstúʔŋət ʔay̓.‘What happened?’
šč̓ə́təŋ ʔaʔ kʷi qaʔqtəmús.‘He was hit by a ball.’

 

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  1. 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 26.1. Exercises

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