Klallam Grammar Main Menu Klallam Grammar Alphabet and Sounds Basics Grammar Introduction: How to Use This Grammar 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Object Pronouns 8 The Preposition and Word Order 9 Negative Words 10 More Negative Words 11 Self and Each Other 12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’ 13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 14 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions 16 Comparison 17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’ 18 Questions: ‘When?’ 19 Time Expressions 20 More Time Expressions 21 Time Prefixes 22 Questions: ‘Where?’ 23 Some Place Expressions 24 Source, Way, and Destination 25 Serial Verbs 26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 27 While Clauses 28 Adverbial Expressions 29 Intensifier Auxiliaries 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels 32 Lexical Suffixes 33 Collective Plural 34 Possessed Verbs 35 So Then ... 36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 37 Indirect Quotes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Speech Act Particles 42 The Actual: To Be Continuing 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects 46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent 47 Activity Suffixes 48 Relative Clauses 49 Verbal Prefixes 50 Movement and Development Suffixes 51 Nominalizing Prefixes 52 Adverbial Prefixes 53 More Demonstrative Articles 54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success 55 More Reduplication Patterns 56 Interjections 57 Rare Suffixes 58 A Fully Annotated Text 59 Texts to Annotate 60 Conclusion Appendices Klallam Dictionary Klallam-English and English-Klallam sections only

2.2. Future tense: ____ caʔ

30904 3 Basic Speech Acts

hiyáʔ caʔn.‘I will go.’
hiyáʔ caʔ st.‘We will go.’
hiyáʔ caʔ cxʷ.‘You will go.’
hiyáʔ caʔ cxʷ hay.‘You folks will go.’
hiyáʔ caʔ.‘He/she/it/they will go.’
 
ƛ̕kʷə́t caʔn.‘I will take it.’
ƛ̕kʷə́t caʔ st.‘We will take it.’
ƛ̕kʷə́t caʔ cxʷ.‘You will take it.’
ƛ̕kʷə́t caʔ cxʷ hay.‘You will take it.’
ƛ̕kʷə́ts caʔ.‘She/he/it/they will take it.’
 
► 1  The rule for forming the future tense in Klallam is almost as easy as the past tense: put caʔ after the verb. But when the subject is cn ‘I,’ you must drop the c. So instead of caʔ cn you get caʔn.
► 2  In ordinary, rapid speech caʔn often sounds like can, with the vowel stretched out a little.
► 3  The future tense is formed the same way in both transitive and intransitive verbs.
► 4  Note that the caʔ precedes the subject except when the subject is the ‑s ending.
► 5   Note that the future tense in English can be expressed in several ways: ‘I will go,’ ‘I’ll go,’ ‘I am going to go,’ or ‘I’m going to go.’  There is only one future tense in Klallam.
► 6   Remember that, just as for the past tense, the future caʔ is not required. It is used only when the speaker wants to make it absolutely clear that the event will happen in the future.
► 7  It is important to mention that for some speakers it is not possible to use caʔ with cxʷ  ‘you.’ That is, for some speakers hiyáʔ caʔ cxʷ  is not good Klallam usage. The reason given is that ‘I can’t tell you what you are going to do in the future.’ 
ʔəsx̣ʷaʔníŋ cxʷ.‘How are you?’
ʔuʔə́y̕ cn.‘I’m fine.’
ʔaʔstúʔŋət caʔ cxʷ ʔuč.‘What will you do?’
kʷánəŋət caʔn.‘I’ll run.’
ʔaʔstúʔŋət kʷaʔčaʔ.‘Why?’
ƛ̕kʷə́t yaʔ cn.‘I took it.’

This page has paths:

  1. 2 Past and Future Tense Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 2.2. Exercises