Klallam GrammarMain MenuKlallam GrammarAlphabet and SoundsBasicsGrammarIntroduction: How to Use This Grammar1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs2 Past and Future Tense3 Basic Speech Acts4 Nouns and Articles5 Possessive Pronouns6 Adjectives7 Object Pronouns8 The Preposition and Word Order9 Negative Words10 More Negative Words11 Self and Each Other12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions14 Questions: ‘Whose?’15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions16 Comparison17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’18 Questions: ‘When?’19 Time Expressions20 More Time Expressions21 Time Prefixes22 Questions: ‘Where?’23 Some Place Expressions24 Source, Way, and Destination25 Serial Verbs26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’27 While Clauses28 Adverbial Expressions29 Intensifier Auxiliaries30 Conditional Clauses31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels32 Lexical Suffixes33 Collective Plural34 Possessed Verbs35 So Then ...36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes37 Indirect Quotes38 Questions: ‘Why?’39 Because40 Cause41 Speech Act Particles42 The Actual: To Be Continuing43 State, Result, and Duration44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent47 Activity Suffixes48 Relative Clauses49 Verbal Prefixes50 Movement and Development Suffixes51 Nominalizing Prefixes52 Adverbial Prefixes53 More Demonstrative Articles54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success55 More Reduplication Patterns56 Interjections57 Rare Suffixes58 A Fully Annotated Text59 Texts to Annotate60 ConclusionAppendicesKlallam DictionaryKlallam-English and English-Klallam sections onlyMontler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
20.1 Models
12021-07-14T11:04:29-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a94174910130904120.1 Models2021-07-14T11:04:29-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
► 1 In the models, sčiʔánəŋ means ‘year.’ Use či to refer to ‘next year,’ kʷi for ‘last year,’ tiə for ‘later this year,’ and kʷiʔə for ‘earlier this year.’ ► 2 Other time expressions can be substituted for sčiʔánəŋ. A month or season name (review §18.1), for example, can be used, as in: hiyáʔ cn ʔaʔ či čən̓máʔəxʷ. ‘I go next April.’ hiyáʔ cn ʔaʔ kʷi čən̓máʔəxʷ. ‘I went last April.’ hiyáʔ cn ʔaʔ tiə čən̓máʔəxʷ. ‘I go this April.’ ► 3 This pattern is particularly useful with the days of the week, as in ʔaʔ či nəmá skʷáči ‘next Sunday’ and ʔaʔ kʷi nəmá skʷáči ‘last Sunday.’ Now it’s time to make sure you know the days of the week:
nəmá skʷáči
‘Sunday’
(‘holy day’)
sčiʔəkʷɬnát
‘Monday’
(‘day after’)
cəŋənát
‘Tuesday’
(‘second day’)
ɬxʷɬnát
‘Wednesday’
(‘third day’)
ŋəsɬnát
‘Thursday’
(‘fourth day’)
ɬq̓čšɬnát
‘Friday’
(‘fifth day’)
t̓x̣əŋɬnát
‘Saturday’
(‘sixth day’)
sq̓əm̓ə́yu
‘Saturday’
(‘cut off’)
q̓əm̓ə́təŋ
‘Saturday’
(‘cut off’)
► 4 Note that there are three different ways of referring to Saturday. The ‘cut off’ refers to Saturday being the end of the week. ► 5 Another useful time expression is čiʔaw ‘past.’ It can be used in sentences like hiyáʔ cn ʔaʔ kʷi čiʔáw skʷáči ‘I went in days past.’ The phrase ʔaʔ kʷi čiʔáw sčiʔánəŋ means either ‘in the past year’ or ‘in years past.’