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• 1 2018-07-25T16:30:13-07:00 17.2. ‘But’ and ‘without’ 5 plain 2021-07-16T06:49:27-07:00

  ʔə́mət yaʔ cxʷ ʔiʔ ʔuʔáwə c ʔíɬən.	‘You sat but didn’t eat.’
  x̣áɬ cn ʔiʔ ʔuʔšə́təŋ̓.	‘I’m sick but walking.’
  x̣áɬ cn ʔiʔ ʔuʔšə́təŋ̓ cn.	‘I’m sick but I’m walking.’
  hiyáʔ caʔn ʔiʔ ʔuʔáwənə nəx̣ʷúʔŋət.	‘I’ll go without my paddle.’
  t̓úk̓ʷ yaʔ st ʔiʔ ʔuʔáwənə sčáʔčaʔɬ.	‘We went home without our friend.’

  
  ­► 1 The meaning of ‘but’ is similar to that of ‘and.’ They both conjoin two phrases–one to the left, and one to the right. The difference is that with ‘but’ the phrase to the right of it is contrary to expectations.
  ­► 2  In Klallam the notion of ‘contrary to expectations’ is added to any verb with the little prefix ʔuʔ‑. So, as I’m sure you know, hiyáʔ yaʔ cn means ‘I went,’ and when the ʔuʔ‑ prefix is added, ʔuʔhiyáʔ yaʔ cn means something like ‘contrary to what you might think, I went.’
  ­► 3  So, very logically, Klallam produces the notion of English ‘but’ with a combination of ʔiʔ ‘and’ and ʔuʔ‑ ‘contrary to expectations.’ Note that the verb in the second clause always begins with ʔuʔ‑.
  ­► 4  The idea of ‘without’ is created in Klallam with a combination of ʔiʔ and the ʔuʔ‑ prefix on ʔáwənə ‘is nothing, doesn’t exist.’
  ­► 5  If you review §10.1 you will be reminded that sentences such as ʔáwənə nəx̣ʷúʔŋət can mean ‘my paddle doesn’t exist’ or, more usually, ‘I have no paddle.’ So with the ʔuʔ‑ prefix, ʔuʔáwənə nəx̣ʷúʔŋət means ‘contrary to what you might think, I have no paddle.’
  ­► 6  Now let’s use ʔiʔ to conjoin hiyáʔ caʔn ‘I’ll go’ and ʔuʔáwənə nəx̣ʷúʔŋət. We get hiyáʔ caʔn ʔiʔ ʔuʔáwənə nəx̣ʷúʔŋət, which literally means ‘I’ll go and, contrary to what you might think, I have no paddle.’ Another way to translate this would be ‘I’ll go, but I have no paddle.’ A freer and easier translation uses ‘without’:  ‘I’ll go without a paddle.’
  ­► 7  Note that when two glottal stops come together, as when ʔuʔ‑ is prefixed to ʔáwənə,  one drops.
  ­► 8  The prefix ʔuʔ‑ can also be spelled w̓.
  ­► 9  In fluent speech ʔiʔ and ʔuʔ‑ are often run together to sound like yuʔ.
  ­► 10 New vocabulary: šə́təŋ̓ ‘walking’

  	ʔəsx̣ʷaʔníŋ cxʷ ʔuč?	‘How are you?’
  	x̣áɬ cn ʔiʔ ʔuʔtwəw̓šə́təŋ.	‘I’m sick but still walking.’
  	x̣ʷə́ŋ u cxʷ ʔiʔ kʷánəŋət.	‘Can you run?’
  	ʔáwə. štə́ŋ cn ʔiʔ ʔuʔáwə c kʷánəŋət.	‘No. I walk but don’t run.’