SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

56.2. W̱- ‘location’

43373 57 More Demonstrative Articles
Models
1)W̱ȽÁĆEṈ.‘Where it is dark.’
2)W̱ṮEĆ.‘It’s a steep drop-off.’
3)W̱¸ENEW̱EṈ TŦE ḰO¸.‘The water slackened.’
4)W̱¸IĆET TŦE ḰO¸.‘Dip up the water.’
5)W̱ḴBET.‘Patch it.’
6)W̱¸Í¸ES.‘He/she is good-looking.’
7)W̱ȾEU¸ÁĆEṈ.‘Sit down.’
8)W̱ȾE¸ȻSISEṈ¸.‘Wash one’s hands.’
9)W̱ȾE¸ȻSENEṈ¸‘Wash one’s feet.’
10)W̱¸ȺYETEṈ‘Smugglers Cove.’
11)W̱SÁNEĆ.‘Saanich.’
12)W̱LEMI.‘Lummi.’

‣ 1 The W̱- prefix is common and has several uses. Most commonly it indicates that the stem refers to a particular location.
‣ 2 The ‘location’ meaning can be easily seen in most of the models here. Models 1 and 2 show the ‘location’ idea particularly clearly. In model 1, the root is ȽÁĆ ‘dark.’ Adding the W̱- prefix makes the word refer to a location. In model 2, the root is ṮEĆ ‘deep.’ A steep drop-off is a particular location where it is deep.
‣ 3 In model 3, the ‘location’ idea is not as obvious. This word is based on ENEW̱ ‘stop.’ Adding the ‘location’ W̱- (and the ‑EṈ ‘middle voice’) makes the whole word mean ‘slacken, go calm.’ Model 3 refers to the water becoming calm after a storm. This necessarily refers to a particular place, so there is where the ‘location’ idea comes in.
‣ 4 Model 4 is based on IĆET ‘dip, scoop it up.’ IĆET TŦE ḰO¸ also means ‘Dip up the water.’ Adding the W̱- prefix focuses on the container that is the source of the water. Here, again, the ‘location’ idea can be seen.
‣ 5 On some stems, such as in model 5, the prefix adds an idea of completeness or permanence. Without the prefix, ḴBET means ‘close a lid.’ Adding the W̱- prefix makes the meaning ‘patch it’—close it permanently at a particular location.
‣ 6 The W̱- ‘location’ prefix often occurs on stems with lexical suffixes (§37) referring to body parts. Models 6, 7, 8, and 9 all have lexical suffixes. In each of these, the lexical suffix refers to a location on the body.
‣ 7 Model 6 has the root ÍY¸ ‘good’ and the ‘face’ suffix -ES (which is sometimes ‑OS). So, for ‘good-looking,’ the location of the ‘good’ is the ‘face.’ Model 7 has the root ȾÁ¸ with the suffix -EU¸ÁĆ ‘bottom.’ For ‘sit,’ we have ‘upon the bottom.’
‣ 8 Models 8 and 9 have the same root: ȾE¸Ȼ ‘wash.’ They differ only in their lexical suffixes ‑SIS ‘hand’ and ‑SEN ‘foot.’ W̱- marks the location of washing.
‣ 9 Since the W̱- prefix indicates a particular location, it is not surprising to find it on many SENĆOŦEN place names. Models 10, 11, and 12 are examples of this.
‣ 10 In model 10, the root is ȺYET ‘lingcod.’ Smugglers Cove, on the west side of San Juan Island got this name with the W̱- ‘location’ prefix because it is a good location for getting lingcod.
‣ 11 Models 11 and 12 are names of peoples as well as names of places. Traditionally people belong to the land of their origin, so the name of the land becomes the name of the people. Many, but not all, of the SENĆOŦEN names of First Nations peoples have the W̱- prefix.
 
W̱SÁNEĆ SEN.‘I’m Saanich.’
U¸ ŦE¸IT E?‘Is that true?’
ȽSEK SEN W̱SṮÁLEM¸.‘I’m half Klallam.’
ĆW̱SĆI¸ÁNEW̱ E ŦE EN¸ TÁN? ‘Is your mother from Becher Bay?’
 
56.2A. Use the SENĆOŦEN dictionary to find four more words with the W̱- prefix and explain how they show the ‘location’ meaning.

56.2B. Make a sentence for each of the words you found in 56.2A.		 

This page has paths:

  1. 56 Adverbial Prefixes Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 37 Lexical Suffixes