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• 1 2018-07-28T12:46:24-07:00 53.2. -áyə ‘emphatic,’ -w̕níɬ ‘definite,’ and -anu ‘other one’ 4 plain 2023-03-09T08:00:39-08:00

  čtát kʷi cáyə swə́y̓qaʔ.	‘Ask that man.’
  čtát kʷi tsáyə sɬániʔ.	‘Ask that woman.’
  c̓ə́čct cəw̓níɬ swéʔwəs.	‘That boy awoke.’
  c̓ə́čct tsəw̓níɬ q̓áʔŋi.	‘That girl awoke.’
  ʔuʔx̣čít cn cánu swə́y̓qaʔ.	‘I know that other man.’
  ʔuʔx̣čít cn tsánu sɬániʔ.	‘I know that other woman.’

  
  ► 1 Here, again, we have two sets of demonstrative endings. The articles in the pair of model sentences in the first set have the ‑ayə ending; the pair in the second set have the ‑w̓níɬ ending.
  ► 2 Articles ending in ‑ayə indicate a special emphasis, pointing out a specific person or object beyond the usual. The translation in the models tries to show this with the ‘that’ in italics. In English we would probably indicate this by making the word ‘that’ a little louder and higher in pitch.
  ► 3 Articles ending in ‑ayə are not at all common in the Klallam stories and conversations that have been recorded. You should use these very sparingly.
  ► 4 The ‑ayə articles are very rare, but the articles of the second pair, ending in ‑w̓níɬ, are very common. These indicate a person or object that is definite and specific.
  ► 5 Articles with the ‑w̓níɬ ending can be translated as ‘that there,’ ‘that particular,’ ‘this here,’ or ‘this particular.’ The articles with ‑w̓níɬ  all make reference to something that has previously been mentioned or is in the context of the conversation. So the sentences in the models could be translated as something like ‘That there boy awoke’ or ‘That particular girl awoke’ or ‘That (previously mentioned) boy or girl awoke.’
  ► 6 The articles ending in ‑w̓níɬ are common before names of animal characters in sx̣ʷiʔám̓ stories. For example, cəw̓níɬ st̓íx̣ʷaʔc̓ ‘that Octopus,’ cəw̓níɬ sk̓ʷtúʔ ‘that there Raven,’ and cəw̓níɬ mə́ščuʔ ‘that Mink.’
  ► 7 An important fact about all of the articles in Klallam is that any of them can stand alone without a noun following. So, for example, it is possible to say k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cn cə ‘I saw that one.’ This usage is not common with the short articles covered in §4, but it is very common with the demonstratives ending in ‑w̓níɬ. So sentences like k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cn cəw̓níɬ are common and are translated ‘I saw him.’ k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cn tsəw̓níɬ  would be ‘I saw her.’
  ► 8 Remember from §4 that all nouns in Klallam must be preceded by an article. When these demonstratives, like cəw̓níɬ, are used without a following noun, they are not preceded by any article.
  ► 9 These demonstrative articles ending in ‑w̓níɬ can be thought of as being composed of one of the simpler articles, such as cə followed by ʔuʔ then níɬ, the third-person focus pronoun.
  ► 10 The models show only two of the demonstrative articles ending in  ‑w̓níɬ. There are many more. This ending can, apparently, combine with any of the simpler articles. See Appendix C for a complete list.
  ► 11 The articles ending in ‑anu refer to some other participant in a situation. It is used when there are several people or similar things under discussion and you want to refer back to one of them that had been previously mentioned. The best translation seems to be that shown in the models: ‘that other one.’
  ► 12 Note that these ‑ayə, ‑w̓níɬ, and ‑anu demonstratives are the only stressed articles in Klallam.
  

  	qəwʔə́čən ixʷ yaʔ kʷəw̓níɬ sk̓ʷtúʔ, u.
  	ʔáa. ʔuʔx̣ən̓áɬ ti suʔqʷáqʷis kʷəw̓níɬ ʔaʔ cə yək̓ʷənéʔnəŋ.
  	nəxʷsƛ̓ay̓əmúcən cəw̓níɬ mə́ščuʔ.
  	ʔáa. mán̓ ʔuʔ ʔə́y̓ nəxʷsƛ̓ay̓əmúcən cáyə.