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• 1 2018-07-28T12:45:25-07:00 48.1. Head subject of relative clause 5 plain 2022-04-13T13:15:32-07:00

  k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cxʷ cə swə́y̓qaʔ hiyáʔ.	‘You saw the man that went.’
  k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cxʷ cə swə́y̓qaʔ k̓ʷənnúŋəs.	‘You saw the man that saw me.’
  k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cxʷ cə swə́y̓qaʔ k̓ʷənnúŋə.	‘You saw the man that saw you.’
  k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cxʷ cə swə́y̓qaʔ k̓ʷənnúŋɬ.	‘You saw the man that saw us.’
  k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cxʷ cə swə́y̓qaʔ k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ.	‘You saw the man that saw him.’

  
  ► 1 Look at the first model. Here the relative clause is intransitive; the two sentences that are combined are k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ cxʷ  ‘You saw him’ and hiyáʔ cə swə́y̓qaʔ ‘The man went.’
  ► 2 Notice that, just as in English, the head always precedes the relative clause.
  ► 3 Klallam differs from English in that there is no relative pronoun like  ‘that’ or ‘who’ or ‘which.’ The verb of the relative clause immediately follows the head noun.
  ► 4 Now look at the other four models. In these the relative clause is transitive. Each has a regular object suffix. Pause now to review §7.2 on the noncontrol object suffixes.
  ► 5 The pattern for these last four models is really the same as that seen in the first model. The verb of the relative clause immediately follows the head noun.
  ► 6 The first word in each of the models is the main verb of the sentence. In each of these models this main verb is transitive. What are the subject and direct object in each of these models?
  ► 7 The main verb in each of the models is k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ, and its subject is cxʷ ‘you.’ The object of the main verb in the first model is cə swə́y̓qaʔ hiyáʔ  ‘the man that went.’ The object of the verb in each of these sentences is the head noun with its modifying relative clause.
  ► 8 It is possible to have a relative clause in the subject of the main verb only if the main verb is intransitive. Study this example:
                 hiyáʔ cə swəy̓qaʔ k̓ʷənnúŋə. ‘The man that saw me went.’
  In this sentence the main verb is hiyáʔ ‘go,’ an intransitive verb. Its subject is cə swəy̓qaʔ k̓ʷənnúŋə ‘the man that saw me.’
  ► 9 In English it is common to have a relative clause in the subject of a transitive main verb. For example, ‘The man that went saw me.’ The main verb of this English sentence ‘saw’ and its subject is ‘the man that went.’
  ► 10 The only way to express an idea like ‘The man that went saw me’ in Klallam is with a passive:
                 k̓ʷə́nnəŋ cn ʔaʔ cə swə́y̓qaʔ hiyáʔ.   ‘I was seen by the man that went.’
  ► 11 As this last example shows, it is possible to have a relative clause in the object of a preposition. In this example, ʔaʔ cə swə́y̓qaʔ hiyaʔ ‘by the man that went’ is a prepositional phrase containing the relative clause hiyáʔ modifying the head noun swə́y̓qaʔ.
  ► 12 New vocabulary: c̓əŋ̓ə́t ‘bite something’
  

  	x̣čít u cxʷ cə swéʔwəs ƛ̓kʷə́t.	‘Do you know the boy who took it?’
  	ʔáa.	‘Yes.’
  	níɬ u cə swéʔwəs mə́k̓ʷəŋ.	‘Is he the boy who found it?’
  	ʔáa.	‘Yes.’