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• 1 2018-07-28T12:45:00-07:00 47.1. Structured activity -əyu and -ay̕s 4 plain 2022-05-31T14:17:50-07:00

  waʔwəsə́yuʔ	‘barking’
  waʔwəsáy̓s	‘barking’
  čqʷə́yu cn.	‘I started the fire.’
  čsə́yu cn.	‘I pitched/I threw.’
  c̓ələ́yu cn.	‘I won.’
  ɬə́x̣ʷəyu cn.	‘I’ll steer.’
  ƛ̓iʔq̓ə́yuʔ cn.	‘I’m typing.’
  x̣iʔə́yu cn.	‘I wrote.’
  x̣čáy̓s cn.	‘I studied.’
  t̓iq̓sáy̓s cn.	‘I’m waving.’
  q̓ʷiŋəyúst cn.	‘I lent him something.’

  
  ► 1 The two suffixes ‑əyu and ‑ay̓s occur on many Klallam words and apparently have the same meaning and function. The first two models show that either can occur on the same stem with no difference in meaning. Some elders prefer the first, and some prefer the second.
  ► 2 As the other models show, these suffixes create words that refer to an intransitive activity that is somehow culturally structured or recognized. The third model, čqʷə́yu, for example, is built on čə́qʷ ‘burn’ and refers only to starting a fire for cooking or keeping warm. It would not be used to refer to a random, malicious, or accidental fire starting.
  ► 3 The idea of ‘purpose’ is typically (but not necessarily) built into words with this suffix. The model čqʷə́yu, as noted above, shows this purpose meaning. So do all the others. The fourth model, čsə́yu, is based on čús ‘get hit by something thrown’ and adds an idea of throwing with a purpose.
  ► 4 Also in the fourth model, the suffix converts čús ‘get hit by something thrown’ to čsə́yu ‘pitch, throw,’ showing that it changes the participant orientation of the subject. Without the suffix, the subject is a patient, as in čús cn ‘I got hit by something thrown’; with the suffix, the subject is an agent, as in the model.
  ► 5 The fifth model, c̓ələ́yu, shows a particularly striking change in participant orientation. The word is based on c̓ə́l ‘lose,’ so c̓ə́l cn means ‘I lost.’ Add the suffix and you get a complete reversal of the subject orientation to the event, with c̓ələ́yu cn ‘I won.’ Without the suffix, the subject is a patient getting beat; with the suffix, the subject is an agent doing the beating.
  ► 6 The ‘structured activity’ suffix attaches only to a basic verb stem. It does not occur after a transitivizer, but it can occur before a transitivizer. The last model, q̓ʷiŋəyúst, is based on q̓ʷíŋəyu ‘borrow,’ which can be seen to have the ‑əyu suffix and the ‘structured activity’ meaning. In the model, the q̓ʷíŋəyu stem is followed by the ‑us ‘recipient’ (§45.1) and ‑t transitivizer suffix. So it is q̓ʷíŋəyu + us + t, with the two u’s combined into one and the stress shifted onto the u.
  

  	c̓ələ́yuʔ u cxʷ ʔaʔ cə sləhál.	‘Did you win at the bone game?’
  	ʔáwə. c̓ə́l cn. c̓ələ́yuʔ u cxʷ.	‘No. I lost. Did you win?’
  	ʔáwə. ʔiʔ ʔuʔc̓ələ́yuʔ	cə nəcə́t.	‘No. But my father won.’
  	x̣ʷə́ŋ u ʔiʔ q̓ʷəŋəyúsc ʔaʔ či tálə.	‘Can he lend you some money?’