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• 1 2018-07-28T12:40:49-07:00 40.2. Non-agent causative: -txʷ 6 plain 2023-10-11T13:31:31-07:00

  hiyaʔtúŋəs cxʷ.	‘You take me.’
  hiyaʔtúŋəs cxʷ hay.	‘You folks take me.’
  hiyaʔtúŋɬ cxʷ.	‘You take us.’
  hiyaʔtúŋɬ cxʷ hay.	‘You folks take us.’
  hiyaʔtúŋə cn.	‘I take you.’
  hiyaʔtúŋə st.	‘We take you.’
  hiyaʔtúŋə cn hay.	‘I take you folks.’
  hiyaʔtúŋə st hay.	‘We take you folks.’
  hiyáʔtxʷ cn.	‘I take him/her/it/them.’
  hiyáʔtxʷ st.	‘We take him/her/it/them.’
  hiyáʔtxʷ cxʷ.	‘You take him/her/it/them.’
  hiyáʔtxʷ cxʷ hay.	‘You folks take him/her/it/them.’
  hiyáʔtəŋ.	‘He/she/it/they takes/take him/her/it/them.’

  
  ► 1 The root in the models is hiyáʔ ‘go.’ When the ‑txʷ causative is added, the meaning becomes ‘take,’ which means ‘cause to go.’
  ► 2 It is important to note here that ‘take’ in English has several meanings that are distinguished in Klallam.
  ► 3 First, hiyáʔtxʷ does not mean the same thing as ƛ̓kʷə́t. The word ƛ̓kʷə́t means ‘take into possession’ or ‘take with the hand.’ The English word ‘grab’ comes close to the meaning. It does not mean ‘cause to go’ as hiyáʔtxʷ does.
  ► 4 Second, English ‘take,’ as in ‘I take you,’ can mean ‘take along,’ as in ‘I’ll take you to the movies.’ The sentence hiyaʔtúŋə cn ʔaʔ cə snúʔnəkʷ  (snúʔnəkʷ ‘movies’ or ‘ghost’) in Klallam sounds like I’m taking you to the movies just as a passenger, not as a companion. To get the idea of ‘take as a companion,’ you have to use the word ʔiʔsəwáʔ ‘accompany’ with the causative: ʔiʔsəwaʔtúŋə cn ʔaʔ cə snúʔnəkʷ ‘I’ll take you along to the movies.’
  ► 5 The set of object suffixes that follow the ‑txʷ suffix is the same as those that appear with the ‑nəxʷ noncontrol transitive. Review §7.2 now. For convenience, here is the object chart from §7.2:

  	Singular		Plural
  1	‑úŋəs	‘me’	‑úŋɬ	‘us’
  2	‑úŋə	‘you’	‑úŋə  hay	‘you folks’
  3	‑∅	‘him, her, it’	‑∅	‘them’

  ► 6 When both subject and object are third-person, the passive must be used.
  ► 7 Just as with the ‑istxʷ causative, the final xʷ of the ‑txʷ suffix drops off when any object suffix is added. So, for example, hiyáʔtxʷ + ‑úŋəs becomes hiyaʔtúŋəs.
  ► 8 Remember that the object of the ‑istxʷ causative is an agent and is usually animate or something that is perceived to act on its own. The big difference between the ‑istxʷ and ‑txʷ causatives is that with ‑istxʷ, the object, an agent, is doing something itself. With ‑txʷ, something is being done to the object, so it is typically a patient.
  ► 9 If the object of the ‑txʷ causative is inanimate, the meaning involves the idea that the object is acted on directly. Compare, for example, the following two sentences. In each, the root of the main verb is the same, ƛ̓əč ‘deep, under, below’:
                 ƛ̓čístxʷ cn cə snə́xʷɬ.           ‘I sank the canoe.’
                 ƛ̓ə́čtxʷ  cn cə snə́xʷɬ.           ‘I made (carved) the canoe deep.’
  These can both be literally translated ‘I caused the canoe to be deep.’ In the first sentence we have the ‑istxʷ causative, and the canoe is, as an agent, perceived to be able to do something on its own (such as head to the bottom). In the second sentence, with the ‑txʷ causative, the canoe, as a non-agent, is perceived as an inanimate object acted on directly.
  ► 10 There is one irregular form of this suffix and it occurs on a frequently used word. The verb ʔənʔá means ‘come.’ When you add the causative to this verb, you get ʔənʔáxʷ ‘bring’ rather than the expected *ʔənʔátxʷ.
  ► 11 Do you remember that the ‑txʷ suffix was introduced way back in §10.2?   Take a look back there now to review how it is used with ʔáwə.
  ► 12 New vocabulary: snúʔnəkʷ ‘movies’ or ‘ghost’;  t̓ə́x̣ ‘wrong’; ʔítt ‘sleep’; cúŋ ‘go up away from water’; čáni ‘move’
  

  	ʔənʔáxʷ u cxʷ cə ʔən̓sáʔwən.	‘Did you bring your lunch?’
  	ʔáw. nəsmimə́yəq.	‘No. I forgot.’
  	ƛ̓kʷə́t či cə nəsaplín.	‘Take my bread.’
  	mán̓ cn ʔuʔ háʔnəŋ.	‘Thank you very much.’