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• 1 2018-07-28T12:35:28-07:00 33.3. CC reduplication 4 plain 2021-07-16T11:43:02-07:00

  ləmətú	‘sheep’	ləmləmətú	‘bunch of sheep’
  sɬániʔ	‘woman’	sɬənɬániʔ	‘women’
  t̓áwiʔ	‘arm’	t̓ut̓áwiʔ	‘arms’
  smə́yəc	‘elk’	smimə́yəc	‘bunch of elk’

  
  ► 1 In addition to using prefixes, suffixes, or infixes to build words, Klallam sometimes uses reduplication. When a word is built with reduplication, all or part of the word is copied and attached like a prefix or a suffix.
  ► 2 Two-consonant reduplication, also called CC (for ‘consonant‑consonant’) reduplication, is used to mark the plural on about 10 percent of Klallam words.
  ► 3 Let’s look at the first of the models. The word for ‘sheep’ is ləmətú. The first two consonants of the root are l and m. To make the plural, copy these two consonants to the left: lm‑ləmətú. Then insert a ə between the two copied consonants: ləm‑ləmətú.
  ► 4 Note that, as usual, the s is ignored, so that the plural of sɬániʔ copies the ɬ and n to get sɬənɬániʔ.
  ► 5 CC reduplication occurs only with roots that have a second consonant that is m, n, ŋ, y, w, or the glottalized versions of these, m̓, n̓, ŋ̓, y̓, and w̓.
  ► 6 There are many roots that have m, n, ŋ, y, or w as a second consonant but do not take CC reduplication in the plural. There is no sure way to tell, but if a root does have m, n, ŋ, y, or w as a second consonant, it’s a good bet that the plural will have CC reduplication.
  ► 7 Many words that have the CC reduplication in the plural have an alternate form with the ‑əy̓‑/-aʔy- infix. For example, the collective plural of sqʷúŋəɬč ‘alder tree’ could be sqʷəŋqʷúŋəɬč or sqʷəy̓úŋəɬč.
  ► 8 Look at the last two models. These have CC reduplication, too, though they don’t seem to at first glance. Take the word t̓áwiʔ and copy the first two consonants, t̓w‑t̓áwiʔ. When the w or y are copied as the second consonant, the ə does not get inserted between the two consonants. Instead the w becomes u and the y becomes i. So t̓áwiʔ  →  t̓wt̓áwiʔ  →  t̓ut̓áwiʔ  and smə́yəc  →  smymə́yəc   → smimə́yəc.

  	ŋə́n̓ u cə sčənčánnəxʷ ʔaʔ tiə sčiʔánəŋ.	‘Is there a lot of salmon this year?’
  	ʔáw. hiyáʔ caʔn ƛ̓aʔəláskə kʷaʔ ƛ̓ácuən.	‘No. I’m going to Alaska to fish.’
  	wáʔ u cə ʔən̓ŋə́nŋənaʔ.	‘Are your children going along?’
  	ʔaʔə́yaʔyəŋ caʔ.	‘They’ll stay home.’