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Klallam GrammarMain MenuKlallam GrammarAlphabet and SoundsBasicsGrammarIntroduction: How to Use This Grammar1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs2 Past and Future Tense3 Basic Speech Acts4 Nouns and Articles5 Possessive Pronouns6 Adjectives7 Object Pronouns8 The Preposition and Word Order9 Negative Words10 More Negative Words11 Self and Each Other12 Questions: ‘Who?’ and ‘What?’13 Subordinate Subjects in Questions14 Questions: ‘Whose?’15 Focus Pronouns and Answering Questions16 Comparison17 Conjunction: ‘And/with,’ ‘but/without,’ and ‘or’18 Questions: ‘When?’19 Time Expressions20 More Time Expressions21 Time Prefixes22 Questions: ‘Where?’23 Some Place Expressions24 Source, Way, and Destination25 Serial Verbs26 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’27 While Clauses28 Adverbial Expressions29 Intensifier Auxiliaries30 Conditional Clauses31 Passive Sentences and Shifting Vowels32 Lexical Suffixes33 Collective Plural34 Possessed Verbs35 So Then ...36 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes37 Indirect Quotes38 Questions: ‘Why?’39 Because40 Cause41 Speech Act Particles42 The Actual: To Be Continuing43 State, Result, and Duration44 Participant Roles and Middle Voice45 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Source Objects46 Reflexive, Noncontrol Middle, and Contingent47 Activity Suffixes48 Relative Clauses49 Verbal Prefixes50 Movement and Development Suffixes51 Nominalizing Prefixes52 Adverbial Prefixes53 More Demonstrative Articles54 Objects of Intent, Emotion, Direction, and Success55 More Reduplication Patterns56 Interjections57 Rare Suffixes58 A Fully Annotated Text59 Texts to Annotate60 ConclusionAppendicesKlallam DictionaryKlallam-English and English-Klallam sections onlyMontler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
29.1. ʔuʔ-class intensifiers
12021-07-08T14:00:11-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a94174910130904229.1. Modelsplain2022-06-03T13:13:56-07:00Montler, et al.1985d2520fc8efde4c2f92342f62d9a941749101
►1 The models illustrate all of the observed ʔuʔ‑class intensifiers. ►2 The intensifier construction is one situation where the main verb or predicate does not come first in the sentence. The intensifier comes first. ►3 Note that the subject follows the intensifier—not the verb or predicate. This illustrates a general fact of the Klallam language: the subject pronoun always follows the first word of the sentence. ►4 The tense and yes/no question markers fill their usual position with the subject after the first word in the sentence. See, for example, the model illustrating ʔuʔúʔ. ► 5 Most of these words have different meanings when not used with the ʔuʔ. Study the following two sentences, for example: ƛ̓áy cn ʔuʔ šaʔšúʔɬ. ‘I’m also glad.’ ƛ̓áy cn šaʔšúʔɬ. ‘I’m glad again.’ The word ƛ̓áy means ‘also’ when the ʔuʔ follows. But it means ‘again’ when the ʔuʔ does not follow. ► 6 Incidentally, ƛ̓áy ʔuʔ ʔə́c is a useful phrase meaning ‘me too.’ ► 7 The following table shows how the words differ in meaning in the construction with ʔuʔ and in other constructions:
In ʔuʔ construction
In other constructions
ƛ̓áy
also
again
húy
only
finish
ɬə́ŋ
just like
detach
sə́ɬəŋ
continuously
continue
cəʔít
truly
tell the truth
ʔəsɬáx̣ʷɬ
definitely
be straight
čəw̓ín̓
even (so)
not even (so)
túʔx̣ʷ
exactly
be in the middle
txʷʔúx̣ʷ
nearly
go toward
► 8 There are six intensifiers not listed in the table: mán̓, x̣ə́n̓, ʔuʔúʔ, ʔunú, čaʔnúʔ, and pəx̣ʷéʔ. Of these, mán̓ ‘very’ always occurs with a following ʔuʔ. It can also mean ‘too,’ as in ‘too much’ (not the ‘too’ that means ‘also’). So, for example, mán̓ cn ʔuʔ ɬčíkʷs can mean ‘I’m very tired’ or ‘I’m too tired.’ The second of these six, x̣ə́n̓, always means ‘all,’ even when it occurs in other constructions. The other words not listed in the table, ʔuʔúʔ, ʔunú, čaʔnúʔ, and pəx̣ʷéʔ are less often used, and occur only with ʔuʔ. ► 9 Usually the connection in the meaning of the word’s use as intensifier is obvious (for example sə́ɬəŋ ‘continuously’ or ‘continue’). But the connection between the two meanings of ɬə́ŋ is not obvious at all. It’s difficult to come up with a simple translation of ɬə́ŋ as an intensifier. It seems that ‘just like’ is as close as English can come to it. Here are some sentences using ɬə́ŋ that will show you the range of use: ɬə́ŋ cn ʔuʔ x̣čít. ‘I really know it.’ ɬə́ŋ cn ʔuʔ k̓ʷə́nnəxʷ. ‘I just saw it.’ ɬə́ŋ cn ʔuʔ swə́y̓qaʔ. ‘I’m a real man/I’m just a man.’ ɬə́ŋ u cxʷ ʔuʔ hiyáʔ. ‘Are you really going?’ ɬə́ŋ ʔuʔ pə́q̓. ‘It’s really white/It’s almost white.’ ɬə́ŋ cn ʔuʔ siʔám̓. ‘I’m just like I’m rich.’ ɬə́ŋ cxʷ ʔuʔ sqʷmə́y. ‘You’re just like a dog.’ (an insult) ► 10 You’ve seen txʷʔúx̣ʷ before in §16.2. The word txʷʔúx̣ʷ means ‘go toward’ or, as shown in §16.2, it can be used to form a comparative construction. ► 11 The intensifier ʔunú is used to get someone’s attention to something really outstanding. ► 12 The intensifier qiqə́y is translated ‘sorry’ and is used to apologize for some small mistake. It would not be used to apologize for a big mistake or to tell someone you are ‘sorry’ for their loss, or in the sense of ‘to feel sorry’ for someone. ► 13 New vocabulary: skʷáʔət ‘stern, back seat’; šč̓ə́y̓aʔ ‘stick’; ƛ̓áqt ‘long’; kapú ‘coat’; t̓íym ‘sing’; nəxʷqáyəx̣s ‘act proud, boastful’
