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• 1 2018-07-23T22:21:09-07:00 9.2.2. ‘Not’ with ‘I,’ ‘we,’ ‘you,’ past, future, questions, and commands 12 plain 2021-07-16T06:19:42-07:00

  hiyáʔ st.	‘We go.’
  ʔáwə st c hiyáʔ.	‘We do not go.’
  ƛ̓kʷə́t cxʷ.	‘You take it.’
  ʔáwə cxʷ c ƛ̓kʷə́t.	‘You do not take it.’
  siʔám̓ cn.	‘I am boss.’
  ʔáwə cn c siʔám̓.	‘I am not boss.’
  x̣ʷə́ŋ cxʷ hay.	‘You folks are fast.’
  ʔáwə cxʷ hay c x̣ʷə́ŋ.	‘You folks are not fast.’

  ► 1  Notice that the subject meaning ‘I,’ ‘we,’ or ‘you’ comes directly after ʔáwə, while the negated word comes at the end with the negative c in front of it.
  ► 2  The word ʔáwə is really a verb meaning ‘to be not.’ It’s possible to say ʔáwə cn  meaning ‘I am not’ or ‘It’s not me.’
  ► 3  Look at the examples above and guess where the past marker yaʔ and the future marker caʔ would go.
  ► 4  If you guessed ‘in their usual places next to the subject,’ you are right! Study these negative past and future tense forms:
            ʔáwə yaʔ st c hiyáʔ.            ‘We did not go.’
            ʔáwə caʔ cxʷ c ƛ̓kʷə́t.         ‘You will not take it.’
            ʔáwə caʔn c siʔám̓.             ‘I will not be boss.’
            ʔáwə yaʔ cxʷ hay c x̣ʷə́ŋ.      ‘You folks were not fast.’
  ► 5  To make a negative command, simply put the či after the ʔáwə, as with any other verb. Study these:
            ʔáwə či c hiyáʔ.                 ‘Don’t go!’
            ʔáwə či c ƛ̓kʷə́t cə sʔíɬən.     ‘Do not take the food!’
            ʔáwə či c siʔám̓.                 ‘Don’t be the boss!’
  ► 6  To make a negative yes/no question, simply put the u after the ʔáwə, as with any other verb. Study these:
            ʔáwə u yaʔ st c hiyáʔ.         ‘Didn’t we go?’
            ʔáwə u caʔ cxʷ c ƛ̓kʷə́t.       ‘Will you not take it?’
            ʔáwə u caʔn c siʔám̓.           ‘Won’t I be boss?’
            ʔáwə u yaʔ cxʷ hay c x̣ʷə́ŋ.   ‘Weren’t you folks fast?’
  ► 7  An object pronoun ending (see §7) stays with the negated word. Here are some examples. Study them carefully, making sure that you know how each one works.
            ʔáwə yaʔ cxʷ c šč̓ə́c.            ‘You didn’t hit me.’
            ʔáwə cn c k̓ʷənúŋə.              ‘I don’t see you.’
            ʔáwə u yaʔ cxʷ c mísc.        ‘Didn’t you choose me?’
  ► 8  New vocabulary: siʔám̓ ‘boss, respected person
  

  	hiyáʔ caʔn t̓úk̓ʷ.	‘I’m going to go home.’
  	ʔáwə či c hiyáʔ.	‘Don’t go.’
  	ʔənʔá či wáʔ.	‘Come along.’
  	ʔáwə caʔn c hiyáʔ.	‘I’m not going to go.’