SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

13.2. Reciprocal: Each other (control) -TEL

43373
Models
1)ȻENÁṈETEL ȽTE.‘We help each other.’
2)ȻENÁṈETEL SW̱.‘You help each other.’
3)ȻENÁṈETEL SW̱ HÁLE.‘You folks help each other.’
4)ȻENÁṈETEL. ‘They help each other.’
5)ȻENÁṈETEL TŦE SṮELIṮȽḴEȽ. ‘The children help each other.’
6)ȻENÁṈETEL SEN I¸ TŦE NE TÁN. ‘My mother and I help each other.’

‣ 1 Grammatical patterns that express the idea of two people acting toward each other are called reciprocal sentences. In English, we have the phrases ‘each other’ or ‘one another,’ as in ‘We helped each other’ and ‘We helped one another.’
‣ 2 Just as for the reflexive, in SENĆOŦEN there are suffixes on the verb that express the idea that the action happens back and forth between people. There are two ‘each other’ suffixes in SENĆOŦEN: one is used if the action is controlled, and the other if the action is not controlled.
‣ 4 The form of the control ‘each other’ suffix is ‑TEL. With a few roots, this suffix has the form ‑TOL and is stressed.
‣ 5 Although the subject of a reciprocal verb is typically plural, as in most of the models, it is possible to have a singular subject. The second model has SW̱ without the HÁLE pluralizer. But remember that HÁLE is not required and is only used to specify that you are speaking to a group of people.
‣ 6 The last two model sentences (6 and 7) have compound subjects: SEN I¸ TŦE NE TÁN ‘my mother and I’ and TŦE NE MÁN I¸ TŦE NE TÁN ‘my father and my mother.’
‣ 7 Just as with the reflexive, this suffix makes an intransitive verb, so the he/she/they form has an understood subject, just as any other intransitive verb (§1.1).
‣ 8 The L of the ‑TEL suffix is often glottalized. So the form can be ‑TEL¸.
‣ 9 There are a number of words that have the ‑TEL ‘each other’ suffix, even though the translation does not normally use ‘each other.’ It is easy to see in each one the ‘reciprocal’ meaning, even though they are not translated with ‘each other.’ Here are some of those (with the stressed vowel in red):
               Á¸YEḴTEL      ‘exchange’
               ŦELEḴTEL      ‘share’
               EWOTEL¸      ‘contestant’
               ȻINTEL          ‘fight’
               ȻENSISTEL     ‘shake hands’
               MELYITEL      ‘marry.’
 
ṈEN¸ TŦE NE SĆȺ.‘I have lots of work.’
ȻENÁṈESE SEN SE¸.‘I’ll help you.’
ȻENÁṈETEL ȽTE SE¸.‘We’ll help each other.’
ÍY¸. ȻENSISTEL!‘Good. Shake hands!’
 
13.2.1A. Translate each of the following into English.
1. Á¸YEḴTEL ȽTE.
2. ȻENSISTEL E SE¸ SW̱ I, TŦE EN¸ SĆÁ¸ĆE¸?
3. ȻENÁṈETEL E LE¸ SW̱. 
4. EWE SW̱ S ȻINTEL.		13.2.1B. Translate each of the following into SENĆOŦEN.
1. Did you help each other? 
2. We shook hands.
3. They helped each other.
4. They married.

This page has paths:

  1. 13 Self and Each Other Montler, et al.

Contents of this tag:

  1. 1.1. Intransitive subject pronouns