SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

Preceding Generations

43373
 EnglishSENĆOŦEN
1ancestorI¸ȽĆÁL¸E¸ LE¸ / ĆELÁṈEN
2elderS¸ÁLEW̱ / S¸ELW̱ÁÁN
3great-great-great-grandparentȾEBEYEḰ
4great-great-grandparentEȻÍYEḰ / EȻE¸
5great-grandparentJO¸MEḰ / TO¸ME¸
6grandfather, grandparentSILE¸ / SISELE¸ / SIS
7aunt, uncleSÁĆS
8aunt or uncle after parent’s deathŚW̱ḴSEĆÁÁȽ
9parentsSELI¸SET / S¸EL¸ÁLEW̱
10parent, head of householdSI¸SET
11fatherMÁN / MÁ¸
12motherTÁN / TÁ¸
13step-parentŚW̱S¸OQEȽ
14in-laws with each otherQEL¸WOSTEL
15parents-in-lawSLÁ¸EȽ
16grandparent-in-law, granduncle/aunt-in-lawŚW̱SILE¸
17aunt-in-law, uncle-in-lawŚW̱SÁĆS

  Notes on preceding generations terms.
1.  Of the two words given for ‘ancestor’ (item 1), the first means literally ‘the preceding ones’ or ‘the first ones of the past.’ The second can mean ‘ancestor,’ but it is usually used to refer ‘heritage,’ to anything handed down from the ancestors.

2.  Of the two words given for ‘elder’ (item 2), the first can refer to any adult person. It also means ‘old’ in general. The second refers specifically to elder people, especially the oldest people in a family.

3.  Item 6 shows three words used for ‘grandparent.’ The first is the basic, most common, term. The second has the ‘affective’ reduplication (§59.2) and is a loving, familiar form of address. The third is a shortening of the second and even more familiar.

4.  Of the two words given for ‘parents’ (item 9), the first is the collective plural of the word given for ‘parent’ in item 10. The second is the collective plural of the first word given for ‘elder’ in item 2, so it can mean ‘elders’ or ‘old ones’ as well as ‘parents.’

5.  Items 4, 5, 11 and 12 show two words each. The first in each is the basic term for the family member. The second is used as a familiar form of address. For example, in item 11 MÁN is ‘father’ and MÁ¸ could be translated ‘dad.’

6.  Item 17, ŚW̱SÁĆS, refers specifically to the spouse of one’s parent’s sibling.

7.  To distinguish between great-grandfather and great-grandmother, use the feminine article for great-grandmother. The same is true for all of the family terms that are not specified for gender, like the word for aunt/uncle.

8.  There are no words for relatives beyond great-great-great-grandparent. Traditionally if two people share a ȾEBEYEḰ they are too closely related to marry. If two people are related beyond ȾEBEYEḰ —in English that would be fifth cousins or greater—they may marry.

 

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  1. Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Montler, et al.