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Performing Archive Main Menu Visualizing the “Vanishing Race”: the photogravures of Edward S. Curtis Front Page for Visualizing the "Vanishing Race" path Curtis' Image and Life: The Network of The North American Indian, Inc. An experiment with data visualization approach to understand and contextualize Curtis' images and his life Media, Technology and Mediations Curtis's Technology, Relationships to Media and Style Contextualizing Curtis, The North American Indian, and Race the collection of essays from the contributors Consulting with Tribes as Part of Archive Development Introduction to Consulting with Tribes by Ulia Gosart Contributing Archives Information on how to participate in Performing Archive Browsing the Media A path of paths that allow users to cut through the collection in a variety of ways. Acknowledgements and Project Information Project Network

Jicarilla women

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"Primitive" Erik Loyer
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Gallery: The Women of Jicarilla Erik Loyer
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Jicarilla Erik Loyer
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1. Painting on Deerskin Painting on brain tanned deerskin. The skin is an off white/grayish color. The paintings on the skin are yellow, brown, white, blue, green, black, orange and red. Various figures are painted on the skin which include, moons, equal sided crosses or "x", 3 anthropomorphic figures, one human head, a bird, and circles. There is a zig zag design the goes around the perimeter of the skin. There is a 1 cm wide hole in the skin in the lower left quadrant. The edges of the skin are fairly straight and smooth, indicating it was cut/trimmed to a roughly rectangular shape. The hide painting appears to be the same one illustrated in "Sacred buckskin - Apache", plate facing page 31, in The North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907. See pp. 29-35 for explanatory text, where it is identified as a medicine skin formerly owned by Navajo medicine man Hashke Nilnte, and acquired by Curtis from Hashke Nilnte's wife. The symbolism is then outlined in detail in the publication.View this plate online here: http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.01.book.00000074.p&volume=1#nav .
2. Painting on Deerskin Painting on brain tanned deerskin. The skin is an off white/grayish color. The paintings on the skin are yellow, brown, white, blue, green, black, orange and red. Various figures are painted on the skin which include, moons, equal sided crosses or "x", 3 anthropomorphic figures, one human head, a bird, and circles. There is a zig zag design the goes around the perimeter of the skin. There is a 1 cm wide hole in the skin in the lower left quadrant. The edges of the skin are fairly straight and smooth, indicating it was cut/trimmed to a roughly rectangular shape. The hide painting appears to be the same one illustrated in "Sacred buckskin - Apache", plate facing page 31, in The North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907. See pp. 29-35 for explanatory text, where it is identified as a medicine skin formerly owned by Navajo medicine man Hashke Nilnte, and acquired by Curtis from Hashke Nilnte's wife. The symbolism is then outlined in detail in the publication. View this plate online here: http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.01.book.00000074.p&volume=1#nav .
3. Painting on Deerskin Painting on brain tanned deerskin. The skin is an off white/grayish color. The paintings on the skin are yellow, brown, white, blue, green, black, orange and red. Various figures are painted on the skin which include, moons, equal sided crosses or "x", 3 anthropomorphic figures, one human head, a bird, and circles. There is a zig zag design the goes around the perimeter of the skin. There is a 1 cm wide hole in the skin in the lower left quadrant. The edges of the skin are fairly straight and smooth, indicating it was cut/trimmed to a roughly rectangular shape. The hide painting appears to be the same one illustrated in "Sacred buckskin - Apache", plate facing page 31, in The North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907. See pp. 29-35 for explanatory text, where it is identified as a medicine skin formerly owned by Navajo medicine man Hashke Nilnte, and acquired by Curtis from Hashke Nilnte's wife. The symbolism is then outlined in detail in the publication. View this plate online here: http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.01.book.00000074.p&volume=1#nav .
4. Cap Cap. Seamed buckskin cap; is a light tan color. There is a chin strap attached to the bottom of the cap that is made of a single strip of skin. One side of the cap has a carved piece of abalone in the shape of a cross or an "x". The abalone is attached with a piece of thin skin wrapped in sinew. There is also a white, circular shell on top of the abalone. On the opposite of the cap, there is the same type of white shell in a rectangular shape attached to the cap with a thin piece of skin wrapped in sinew. At the end of this thread, the remains of a feather are present. The keratin center of the feather is all that remains. The painting on the cap, on the side with the abalone shell, depicts a human figure in a geometric/triangular design in brown and yellow. Underneath the figure, on the bottom of the cap, a repeating triangular design in yellow and brown is present. Above the figure on the top of the cap, a blue, flowing design is present, perhaps representing water (?). On the opposite side of the cap, with the rectangular white shell and feather, the same human figure is present, this time, painted in blue and brown. Underneath the figure is the same triangular design in brown and yellow, as well as a boat shaped figure in blue and brown. Above the figure is a zig zag design, starting from the top of the hat, coming down to the figure, possibly representing lightning (?). The top of the cap is painted with brown and yellow stripes. The cap appears to be the same one illustrated, along with bag and figure # E432868, in "Medicine cap and fetich - Apache", plate facing page 40, in The North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907. See pp. 40-41 for explanatory text. View this plate online here: http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.01.book.00000089.p&volume=1#nav .
5. Cap Cap. Seamed buckskin cap; is a light tan color. There is a chin strap attached to the bottom of the cap that is made of a single strip of skin. One side of the cap has a carved piece of abalone in the shape of a cross or an "x". The abalone is attached with a piece of thin skin wrapped in sinew. There is also a white, circular shell on top of the abalone. On the opposite of the cap, there is the same type of white shell in a rectangular shape attached to the cap with a thin piece of skin wrapped in sinew. At the end of this thread, the remains of a feather are present. The keratin center of the feather is all that remains. The painting on the cap, on the side with the abalone shell, depicts a human figure in a geometric/triangular design in brown and yellow. Underneath the figure, on the bottom of the cap, a repeating triangular design in yellow and brown is present. Above the figure on the top of the cap, a blue, flowing design is present, perhaps representing water (?). On the opposite side of the cap, with the rectangular white shell and feather, the same human figure is present, this time, painted in blue and brown. Underneath the figure is the same triangular design in brown and yellow, as well as a boat shaped figure in blue and brown. Above the figure is a zig zag design, starting from the top of the hat, coming down to the figure, possibly representing lightning (?). The top of the cap is painted with brown and yellow stripes. The cap appears to be the same one illustrated, along with bag and figure # E432868, in "Medicine cap and fetich - Apache", plate facing page 40, in The North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907. See pp. 40-41 for explanatory text. View this plate online here: http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.01.book.00000089.p&volume=1#nav .
6. Cap Cap. Seamed buckskin cap; is a light tan color. There is a chin strap attached to the bottom of the cap that is made of a single strip of skin. One side of the cap has a carved piece of abalone in the shape of a cross or an "x". The abalone is attached with a piece of thin skin wrapped in sinew. There is also a white, circular shell on top of the abalone. On the opposite of the cap, there is the same type of white shell in a rectangular shape attached to the cap with a thin piece of skin wrapped in sinew. At the end of this thread, the remains of a feather are present. The keratin center of the feather is all that remains. The painting on the cap, on the side with the abalone shell, depicts a human figure in a geometric/triangular design in brown and yellow. Underneath the figure, on the bottom of the cap, a repeating triangular design in yellow and brown is present. Above the figure on the top of the cap, a blue, flowing design is present, perhaps representing water (?). On the opposite side of the cap, with the rectangular white shell and feather, the same human figure is present, this time, painted in blue and brown. Underneath the figure is the same triangular design in brown and yellow, as well as a boat shaped figure in blue and brown. Above the figure is a zig zag design, starting from the top of the hat, coming down to the figure, possibly representing lightning (?). The top of the cap is painted with brown and yellow stripes. The cap appears to be the same one illustrated, along with bag and figure # E432868, in "Medicine cap and fetich - Apache", plate facing page 40, in The North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907. See pp. 40-41 for explanatory text. View this plate online here: http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.01.book.00000089.p&volume=1#nav .
7. Cap Cap. Seamed buckskin cap. Light tan color with a yellow stripe that is painted or dyed down the center seam. There are eight sinew wrapped feathers on the top of the cap. The barbs of the feathers are missing, leaving the hard keratin center. Glass beads line the bottom in a diagonal, repeating black, white, black, white pattern. In the center of the cap, a cross or x on top of crescent moon (?) is depicted. There is chin strap connected to the cap made of two thin strips of skin twisted together. There is a tag attached to the object that reads "Apache See Vol 1 NAS page 42. 194, 10" . This possibly refers to p. 42 inThe North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907? The second paragraph on p. 42 discusses the crescent and cross motif that is on this hat, with origin discussion continuing in text to p. 44.
8. Cap Cap. Seamed buckskin cap. Light tan color with a yellow stripe that is painted or dyed down the center seam. There are eight sinew wrapped feathers on the top of the cap. The barbs of the feathers are missing, leaving the hard keratin center. Glass beads line the bottom in a diagonal, repeating black, white, black, white pattern. In the center of the cap, a cross or x on top of crescent moon (?) is depicted. There is chin strap connected to the cap made of two thin strips of skin twisted together. There is a tag attached to the object that reads "Apache See Vol 1 NAS page 42. 194, 10" . This possibly refers to p. 42 inThe North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907? The second paragraph on p. 42 discusses the crescent and cross motif that is on this hat, with origin discussion continuing in text to p. 44.
9. Cap Cap. Seamed buckskin cap. Light tan color with a yellow stripe that is painted or dyed down the center seam. There are eight sinew wrapped feathers on the top of the cap. The barbs of the feathers are missing, leaving the hard keratin center. Glass beads line the bottom in a diagonal, repeating black, white, black, white pattern. In the center of the cap, a cross or x on top of crescent moon (?) is depicted. There is chin strap connected to the cap made of two thin strips of skin twisted together. There is a tag attached to the object that reads "Apache See Vol 1 NAS page 42. 194, 10" . This possibly refers to p. 42 inThe North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907? The second paragraph on p. 42 discusses the crescent and cross motif that is on this hat, with origin discussion continuing in text to p. 44.
10. Pouch And Wooden Figure Pouch. The buckskin pouch is rectangular shaped with a long strap on the top, three bundles of fringe on the bottom, and a triangular flap to close the pouch. The purse fastens with a carved button made out of a white, shiny shell. There are two pieces of abalone and white, circular shells, each attached to lower right and left corners of the pouch with skin wrapped in sinew. The strap of the pouch is two strips of thin skin, twisted. A triangular design, painted in brown, lines the bottom of the flap that closes the pouch. Beneath that, an orange triangular design is painted. On the sides, a dark blue design is painted. On the bottom of the pouch, a green, triangular design is painted. Around the abalone on the left, a blue and orange triangular design is painted. Around the abalone on the right, a green and orange design is painted. The fringe on the bottom of the pouch is painted green, but some of the pigment has come off. On the opposite side of the pouch, there are no designs painted. The construction of the pouch is one, longer piece of skin, folded, and then sewn with strips of skin on the sides. Amulet. The front side of the figure has smaller pieces of abalone for the eyes, nose and mouth. The abalone for the right eye is missing. The figure seems to be a human shape, with four triangles (two painted brown, and two painted green) on the top of the head, maybe a crown (?). The figure has cross figures in green and brown on it's face. The figure is painted with other various geometric designs in green, brown, orange, and blue. The back of the figure is also painted in blue brown, orange and green designs. Tag found in pouch says "Apache See NAS V 1 p 40, 193, 50" . The bag and figure appear to be the same ones illustrated, along with cap # E432866, in "Medicine cap and fetich - Apache", plate facing page 40, in The North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907. See pp. 40-41 for explanatory text. View this plate online here: http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.01.book.00000089.p&volume=1#nav .
11. Pouch And Wooden Figure Pouch. The buckskin pouch is rectangular shaped with a long strap on the top, three bundles of fringe on the bottom, and a triangular flap to close the pouch. The purse fastens with a carved button made out of a white, shiny shell. There are two pieces of abalone and white, circular shells, each attached to lower right and left corners of the pouch with skin wrapped in sinew. The strap of the pouch is two strips of thin skin, twisted. A triangular design, painted in brown, lines the bottom of the flap that closes the pouch. Beneath that, an orange triangular design is painted. On the sides, a dark blue design is painted. On the bottom of the pouch, a green, triangular design is painted. Around the abalone on the left, a blue and orange triangular design is painted. Around the abalone on the right, a green and orange design is painted. The fringe on the bottom of the pouch is painted green, but some of the pigment has come off. On the opposite side of the pouch, there are no designs painted. The construction of the pouch is one, longer piece of skin, folded, and then sewn with strips of skin on the sides. Amulet. The front side of the figure has smaller pieces of abalone for the eyes, nose and mouth. The abalone for the right eye is missing. The figure seems to be a human shape, with four triangles (two painted brown, and two painted green) on the top of the head, maybe a crown (?). The figure has cross figures in green and brown on it's face. The figure is painted with other various geometric designs in green, brown, orange, and blue. The back of the figure is also painted in blue brown, orange and green designs. Tag found in pouch says "Apache See NAS V 1 p 40, 193, 50" . The bag and figure appear to be the same ones illustrated, along with cap # E432866, in "Medicine cap and fetich - Apache", plate facing page 40, in The North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907. See pp. 40-41 for explanatory text. View this plate online here: http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.01.book.00000089.p&volume=1#nav .
12. Pouch And Wooden Figure Pouch. The buckskin pouch is rectangular shaped with a long strap on the top, three bundles of fringe on the bottom, and a triangular flap to close the pouch. The purse fastens with a carved button made out of a white, shiny shell. There are two pieces of abalone and white, circular shells, each attached to lower right and left corners of the pouch with skin wrapped in sinew. The strap of the pouch is two strips of thin skin, twisted. A triangular design, painted in brown, lines the bottom of the flap that closes the pouch. Beneath that, an orange triangular design is painted. On the sides, a dark blue design is painted. On the bottom of the pouch, a green, triangular design is painted. Around the abalone on the left, a blue and orange triangular design is painted. Around the abalone on the right, a green and orange design is painted. The fringe on the bottom of the pouch is painted green, but some of the pigment has come off. On the opposite side of the pouch, there are no designs painted. The construction of the pouch is one, longer piece of skin, folded, and then sewn with strips of skin on the sides. Amulet. The front side of the figure has smaller pieces of abalone for the eyes, nose and mouth. The abalone for the right eye is missing. The figure seems to be a human shape, with four triangles (two painted brown, and two painted green) on the top of the head, maybe a crown (?). The figure has cross figures in green and brown on it's face. The figure is painted with other various geometric designs in green, brown, orange, and blue. The back of the figure is also painted in blue brown, orange and green designs. Tag found in pouch says "Apache See NAS V 1 p 40, 193, 50" . The bag and figure appear to be the same ones illustrated, along with cap # E432866, in "Medicine cap and fetich - Apache", plate facing page 40, in The North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907. See pp. 40-41 for explanatory text. View this plate online here: http://curtis.library.northwestern.edu/curtis/viewPage.cgi?showp=1&size=2&id=nai.01.book.00000089.p&volume=1#nav .
13. Cap Cap. Seamed buckskin cap. Light tan color with a yellow stripe that is painted or dyed down the center seam. There are eight sinew wrapped feathers on the top of the cap. The barbs of the feathers are missing, leaving the hard keratin center. Glass beads line the bottom in a diagonal, repeating black, white, black, white pattern. In the center of the cap, a cross or x on top of crescent moon (?) is depicted. There is chin strap connected to the cap made of two thin strips of skin twisted together. There is a tag attached to the object that reads "Apache See Vol 1 NAS page 42. 194, 10" . This possibly refers to p. 42 inThe North American Indian (1907-1930) v.01, The Apache. The Jicarillas. The Navaho ([Seattle] : E.S. Curtis ; [Cambridge, Mass. : The University Press], 1907? The second paragraph on p. 42 discusses the crescent and cross motif that is on this hat, with origin discussion continuing in text to p. 44.
14. Vash Gon - Jicarilla
15. Chief Garfield - Jicarilla
16. Jicarilla maiden
17. Jicarilla matron
18. Hilltop camp - Jicarilla
19. Jicarilla women
20. Lone Tree Lodge - Jicarilla
21. A Jicarilla
22. A Jicarilla feast march
23. Jicarillas
List of Large Plates Supplementing Volume One Erik Loyer
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TEST Visualization Page Since most of the connections in this visualization contain one-to-one relationship between the image and the subject, the nodes with more than one connection easily stood out from the rest. Although we had spent considerable amount of time browsing the digital collections in the Northwestern Digital Library and the American Memory sites, since their interface do not offer an effectively digestible gallery view of all the images contain within a volume, this visualization brought our attention several details that haven't been discussed previously. 1. "Man Wearing Headband and Breechcloth:" The Quintessential Apache?
Out of the 35 unique nodes in the circle of Apache, the subject described as "Man Wearing Headband and Breechcloth" (Library of Congress of description) is represented in 4 of the images. One of the titles describes him as simply "Apache" while other image titles focus on nature and features of the landscape in the images: "By the Sycamore" "Bathing Pool" (or "By the Pool") and "The Pool" Closer examination of these images reveals that it is most likely that the same subject is featured in all of them. How do we explain Curtis' fixation on this subject? To what extent are these representations "posed," in order to construct and support Curtis' claims of realism: "Therefore, being directly from Nature, the accompanying pictures show what actually exists or has recently existed…, not what the artist in his studio may presume the Indian and his surroundings to be."⁸ 2. Navaho, a Tribe of Mythical Figures? For the images that comprise the Navaho, the networks contains far more multiple connections than those of other tribes. The areas within the network that contain these multiple connections are primarily the images of the subjects performing mythical figures during a ritual: "Haschelti," "Haschenzhini," "Gaaskidi," etc.... Using the search filter for the column "mythical" in the dataset, the visualization shows that while mythical figures are only referred to once for the Apache and none for the Jicarilla, 12 out of total 33 images of the Navaho that contain human subjects are of these fully masked figures, many of them depicted in multiple images. Without drawing any definitive analysis from this finding, one can simply state that this "distant view" allows such patterns that would have been difficult to notice in digital exhibits. Is the Navaho tribe particularly more invested in these ceremonies than the other tribes are? As with the example of the "Man Wearing Headband and Breechcloth," Curtis' documentation of the each of the tribes fixates on certain subjects. 3. Women of Jicarilla

Out of the three tribes documented in volume 1 of the North American Indian, the Jicarilla tribe is noticeably depicted the least. Curtis includes only 7 images that contain human subjects. Looking at this node closer, we also see that 5 out of the 7 images are representations of figures explicitly described as woman in the titles. Furthermore, the image that is simply titled "A Jicarilla" is a woman referred to in another image as "Vash Gon," who Curtis represents to emphasize her facial features that cast a shadow from her profile. Why is this tribe particularly gendered in this way? Does this support the claim that Jicarilla is a traditionally matrilineal society? But so is the Navaho tradition, but there isn't such emphasis on women in his documentation of the Navaho tribe.

^{8. Edward S. Curtis, in the General Introduction in vol. 1, xiii-xiv)↩}