SENĆOŦEN: A Grammar of the Saanich Language Main Menu Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART 1 Introduction The organization of this grammar The Place of SENĆOŦEN in the Salishan Language Family Basics of the SENĆOŦEN word Useful phrases PART 2 The SENĆOŦEN Alphabet and Sounds Consonants Vowels and Diphthongs Notes on Pronunciation PART 3 SENĆOŦEN Grammatical Patterns 1 Transitive and Intransitive Verbs 2 Past and Future Tense 3 Basic Speech Acts 4 Nouns and Articles 5 Possessive Pronouns 6 Adjectives 7 Basic Word Order 8 The Preposition 9 Serial Verbs 10 Auxiliaries 11 Conjunction: ‘And/with’ and ‘but/without’ 12 No and Not 13 Self and Each Other 14 More Negative Words 15 Questions: ‘Who?,’ ‘What?,’ ‘Someone,’ ‘Something’ 16 Questions: ‘Do what?,’ ‘Say what?,’ and ‘Which one?’ 17 Subordinate Subjects in Questions 18 Questions: ‘Whose?’ 19 Every, All, Any, and Some 20 Comparison 21 Questions: ‘When?’ 22 Numbers 23 Time Expressions 24 Time Prefixes 25 Questions: ‘Where?’ 26 Location Expressions 27 Paths 28 Questions: ‘How?’ and ‘How much?’ 29 Adverbial Expressions 30 Conditional Clauses 31 Should, Must, Ought to, Want to 32 Object Pronouns 33 Passive 34 Strong, Weak, and Zero Stems 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice 36 Recipient, Beneficiary, and Other Participants 37 Lexical Suffixes 38 Questions: ‘Why?’ 39 Because 40 Cause 41 Collective Plural 42 The Actual Aspect 43 State, Result, and Duration 44 Activity Suffixes 45 Reflexive, Inchoative, and Noncontrol Middle 46 Ȼ Clauses 47 Relative Clauses 48 Speech Act Modifiers 49 Possessed Verbs 50 Summary of Particles with Ȼ 51 So Then ... 52 Reporting Verbs and Direct Quotes 53 Indirect Quotes 54 Verbal Prefixes 55 Nominalizing Prefixes 56 Adverbial Prefixes 57 More Demonstrative Articles 58 Objects of Intent and Emotion 59 More Reduplication Patterns 60 Interjections 61 Politeness Expressions 62 Rare Prefixes and Suffixes 63 A Fully Annotated Text 64 Texts to Annotate Appendix A: Technical Description of SENĆOŦEN Sounds Appendix B: SENĆOŦEN Pronouns Appendix C: Demonstrative Articles Appendix D: SENĆOŦEN Kin Terms Appendix E: Index to Technical Linguistic Topics Appendix F: Vocabulary Bibliography SENĆOŦEN Dictionary Basic SENĆOŦEN Dictionary without root and affix indexes

44.1. Structured activity

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Models
1)ELḴELO¸‘buy’ELEḴÁL¸S‘buying; buyer’
2)QENELO¸‘open eyes’QEN¸ÁL¸S ‘looking for lice’
3)XEĆELO¸‘inspect’XĆÁL¸S‘being nosy’
4)XEL¸ELO¸‘write’XEL¸ÁL¸S‘writing; writer’
5)ŦI¸ḰELO¸‘dig; grave digger’ŦI¸ḰÁL¸S‘digging’
6)TEȻELO¸‘break’TEȻÁL¸S‘breaking’
7)KEXELO¸‘dig clams’KEXÁL¸S‘clam digging’
8)₭IṈELE¸‘borrow’₭EṈÁL¸S‘borrowing; asking for credit’

‣ 1 These two suffixes ‑ELO¸ and ‑ÁL¸S occur on many words in SENĆOŦEN. The basic meaning difference between the two is that ‑ELO¸ is the nonactual and ‑ÁL¸S is the actual aspect form. Other than that, it is difficult to specify the meaning of these suffixes. Models 6 and 7 clearly show the nonactual/actual aspect relationship between these two suffixes.
‣ 2 As most of the models show, these suffixes create words that refer to an activity that is somehow culturally structured or recognized. Often the nonactual form and actual aspect form have unpredictably different meanings. Model 2 is a good example of this unpredictable meaning addition. This pair of words have the root QEN ‘see.’ The nonactual form, QENELO¸, means ‘open eyes’ especially from sleep or ‘stare’ or ‘take a look.’ The actual aspect form, QEN¸ÁL¸S, is used only to mean specifically ‘looking for lice’ in someone’s head.
‣ 3 The suffixes ‑ELO¸ and ‑ÁL¸S added to a root make intransitive verbs with agent subjects. So to use model 1 for example, you could say ELḴELO¸ SEN ¸E ȻSE SNEW̱EȽ ‘I bought the canoe.’ Note that, since ELḴELO¸ is intransitive, the thing that is being bought must be the object of the preposition.
‣ 4 Although the two suffixes here create intransitive verbs, they can also form nouns referring to people with specific occupations. Models 1 and 4 illustrate this. ELEḴÁL¸S can be used to refer to a person whose job it is to buy fish, clams, pelts, and so on from fishermen, hunters, clam diggers, and so on.
‣ 5 Model 5 also shows the unpredictable meaning addition of these ‘structured activity’ suffixes. The unpredictability can apply to either the nonactual or actual aspect forms.  ŦI¸ḰELO¸ can mean ‘dig’ in general, but it is usually used to mean ‘grave digger.’
‣ 6 The idea of ‘purpose’ is typically built into words with these suffixes. The translations of most of the models show this. Model 3 is based on the root XĆ, which occurs in the word XĆIT ‘know it.’ The actual aspect form, XĆÁL¸S, implies inspecting with a purpose.
‣ 7 Theses ‘structured activity’ suffixes attach only to a basic verb stem. They never occur after a transitive or middle (§35) suffix. They can, however, be followed by a transitive or middle suffix. For example, ₭IṈELO¸TEṈ ‘be given credit, be lent to’ is the nonactual model 8 ₭IṈELE¸ with the transitive ‑T and passive ‑EṈ following. And QEN¸ÁL¸STEṈ, based on model 2 means ‘being searched for lice.’  The word DEL¸DEL¸ÁL¸SEṈ ‘tingling, feeling pins and needles in a body part) has the ‑ÁL¸S suffix followed by the ‑EṈ ‘middle.’
 
QENNEW̱ E SW̱ ȻSE ELEḴÁL¸S? ‘Did you see the buyer?’
EWE. ṮÁ¸ SEN U¸ ṮEL¸Á¸T. ‘No. I’m looking for him, too.’
KEXÁL¸S LE¸ SEN I¸ ṈEN¸ ‘I was clam digging, and I have lots of
NE S¸OX̱E¸ ¸E TŦE SW̱ÍYEM.butter clams to sell.’
ṈEN¸ NE Á¸ĆEX.‘I have lots of crabs.’
 
44.1A. Look up these words and make an original sentence with each.
          1. ȽEM¸ȾÁL¸S  2. ₭EṈÁL¸S  3. ḴEKÁL¸S  4. ĆEḰELO¸  5. OṈELE¸  6. MEQEL¸O¸

44.1B. Explain how each of those words show the ‘structured activity’ idea.		 

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  1. 44 Activity Suffixes Montler, et al.

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  1. 44.2. Customary -IṈEȽ and habitual -ENEḴ Montler, et al.

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  1. 35 Participant Roles and Middle Voice