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Plants & People: The Intersection of Botany and Human Experience

M. Citrifolia: A Distinctive Fruit with Exceptional Traits

Nomenclature
M. citrifolia L. comes from a family called Rubiaceae which consists of shrubs, terrestrial trees, and herbs. In Hawaii, the species is called Noni, whereas in India it is called Indian Mulberry. The name is derived from the two Latin words “morus” and “indicus” which meant mulberry and Indian respectively (Chen, 2012). The L is in reference to Carl Linneaus who first described the species. The type specimen was first founded by Linnaeus and published on May 1, 1753 at the Species Planetarum (Tropicos). The species’ habitat is in India and distributed in India. Some other common names of the M. citrifolia are cheese fruit (Australia), kura (Fiji), nenu (Cook Islands) and many more (Tropicos).

Evolutionary History
The genus, Morinda, contains about 100 species of small trees and shrubs (Rojas-Sandoval, 2017). M. citrifolia has botanical varieties such as M. citrifolia var. citrifolia, M. citrifolia var. bracteata, and M. citrifolia var. elliptica. It also has one cultivar called M. citrifolia cultivar Potteri (Rojas-Sandoval, 2017). One of its varieties, M. citrifolia var. bracteata, is a small fruit found in Indonesia and Pacific Oceans with prominent bracts that are protruding from the fruit (Rojas-Sandoval, 2017). There was a proposal made to conserve the name Morinda citrifolia with a conserved type. People have claimed that there may have been an error in naming the Morinda citrifolia because Linnaeus’ description of M. citrifolia refers to two illustrations, with one of them belong less well-known, M. coreia, and the more well-known, M. citrifolia (Chen, 2012). M. coreia became a lectotype and fell into the category of M. citrifolia (Chen, 2012). If the proposal was rejected, then there would be confusion with the naming because the old literature would still have the name filed under M. citrifolia, but the newer literature would be filed as M. nodosa for M. coreia (Chen, 2012). Changing the names would cause confusion since the fruit is used for both research and commercial purposes (Chen, 2012). Thus, the name Morinda citrifolia has been conserved. vestibulum lorem sed.

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id nibh tortor id. Nulla facilisi cras fermentum odio. Tellus orci ac auctor augue mauris. Cursus mattis molestie a iaculis at erat pellentesque adipiscing. Feugiat in fermentum posuere urna nec. Gravida dictum fusce ut placerat orci nulla pellentesque dignissim. Metus vulputate eu scelerisque felis. Et tortor at risus viverra adipiscing at in tellus integer. Volutpat maecenas volutpat blandit aliquam etiam. Elementum nisi quis eleifend quam adipiscing. Ut sem viverra aliquet eget. Aliquet porttitor lacus luctus accumsan. Turpis massa sed elementum tempus egestas sed sed. Pulvinar sapien et ligula ullamcorper. Viverra adipiscing at in tellus. Amet tellus cras adipiscing enim eu turpis. Morbi tincidunt ornare massa eget egestas purus viverra accumsan. Pellentesque pulvinar pellentesque habitant morbi tristique.

Commodo quis imperdiet massa tincidunt nunc pulvinar sapien et ligula. Tellus elementum sagittis vitae et leo duis ut. Augue mauris augue neque gravida. Massa tincidunt nunc pulvinar sapien et ligula ullamcorper. Viverra mauris in aliquam sem fringilla ut. Aliquet bibendum enim facilisis gravida neque convallis a cras semper. Eget mi proin sed libero enim sed faucibus. Fames ac turpis egestas maecenas pharetra convallis posuere morbi. Id venenatis a condimentum vitae. Eleifend quam adipiscing vitae proin sagittis nisl rhoncus. Nunc mi ipsum faucibus vitae aliquet nec ullamcorper. Aliquet enim tortor at auctor urna. Commodo odio aenean sed adipiscing. Dis parturient montes nascetur ridiculus mus mauris vitae ultricies leo. Id venenatis a condimentum vitae sapien. Pharetra massa massa ultricies mi quis hendrerit. Elementum curabitur vitae nunc sed velit dignissim sodales. Massa ultricies mi quis hendrerit dolor. Volutpat ac tincidunt vitae semper quis lectus nulla at. Sed cras ornare arcu dui vivamus arcu felis bibendum.

Massa enim nec dui nunc mattis enim. Nunc non blandit massa enim nec dui nunc. Risus ultricies tristique nulla aliquet. Egestas maecenas pharetra convallis posuere morbi leo urna molestie at. Quis vel eros donec ac odio tempor orci. Non arcu risus quis varius quam quisque id diam. In arcu cursus euismod quis viverra nibh cras. In arcu cursus euismod quis. Mi tempus imperdiet nulla malesuada pellentesque elit. Lectus urna duis convallis convallis tellus id interdum velit laoreet.

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2. Lorem Ipsum: The Fake Latin Text Substitute Elementum facilisis leo vel fringilla est ullamcorper eget nulla facilisi etiam dignissim diam quis enim lobortis scelerisque fermentum dui faucibus in ornare quam viverra orci sagittis eu volutpat odio facilisis mauris sit amet massa vitae tortor condimentum lacinia quis vel eros donec ac odio tempor orci dapibus ultrices in iaculis nunc sed augue lacus viverra vitae congue eu consequat ac felis donec et odio pellentesque diam volutpat commodo sed egestas egestas fringilla phasellus faucibus scelerisque eleifend donec pretium vulputate sapien nec sagittis aliquam malesuada bibendum arcu vitae elementum curabitur vitae nunc sed velit dignissim sodales ut eu sem integer vitae justo eget magna fermentum iaculis eu non diam phasellus vestibulum lorem sed risus ultricies tristique nulla aliquet enim tortor at auctor urna nunc id cursus metus aliquam eleifend mi in nulla posuere sollicitudin aliquam ultrices sagittis orci a scelerisque purus semper eget duis at tellus at urna condimentum mattis pellentesque id nibh tortor id aliquet lectus proin nibh nisl condimentum id venenatis a condimentum vitae sapien pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas sed tempus urna et pharetra pharetra massa massa ultricies mi quis hendrerit dolor magna eget est lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas integer eget aliquet nibh praesent tristique magna sit amet purus gravida quis blandit turpis cursus in hac habitasse platea dictumst quisque sagittis purus sit amet volutpat consequat mauris nunc congue nisi vitae suscipit tellus. By Lorem Ipsum #lorem #ipsum
4. Goji Berries: The Key to Eternal Youth? Goji Berries have become a symbol of the Superfood movement which has continued to gain traction in the US and across the world. Although they have served as a token of this emerging trend, goji berries have been renowned in Asia for their nutritious qualities for many centuries. Its use has been documented for almost 2000 years in traditional Chinese medicine (Gross et al., 2006). The goji industry has skyrocketed during the 21st century as they’ve been recognized for their nutritious qualities. Goji berries have a rich cultural history which has contributed to their claim to fame. In 2003, health writer Earl Mindell distributed a booklet which suggested that goji berries had anti-cancer properties - this drove their entry into the Superfood market. His claims were based on the myth of Li Qing Yuen; the herbalist supposedly consumed goji berries daily which allowed him to live 256 years (Earl Mindell and Rick Handel, 2003). While Mindell’s booklet was full of false exaggerations, there is merit to many of his claims regarding the nutritional benefits of goji berries. Two species are colloquially known as goji berries: Lycium barbarum and Lycium chinense. Their unique vegetative and reproductive morphology makes harvesting the berries labor intensive. Both the goji berry and immature leaves from L. chinense and L. barbarum are eaten by many for their health benefits - while the benefits have been known for centuries, the underlying macromolecular structure that dictates these properties is only being explored in more recent decades. By Ismael Rodriguez & Catherine Nordstrom #Goji
13. Lepidium meyenii: The fertility root Maca… maybe you’ve heard of it, maybe you consume it on a daily basis. Maca is the highest elevation crop known today, and is native to the high elevation Andes mountains in Peru, growing in elevations up to 4500 m high! Maca has been a highly valued commodity for many indigenous peoples within the Andes mountains of Peru throughout history and persists to be valued today. Known for its turnip-like shape due to its bulbous hypocotyl, it is highly sought after for its roots. Consuming the roots will result in many notable benefits, such as nutritional benefits, mood improvements, and enhancements in energy, strength… even fertility, all which are backed by numerous studies. These benefits are all due to the numerous nutrients, fibers, bioactive compounds, and natural compounds lepidiline A and B that are contained within Maca. Combined, they all make Maca the nutritional powerhouse that is today. Once this nutritional powerhouse was advertised to the world, it became an immediate hit. The demand for Maca created a market boom and countries started trying to cultivate the plant to meet the demand. One country that cultivated Maca is China. In the high mountains of Yunnan, Maca was successfully cultivated and thus became a common ingredient in Chinese traditional medicine. As such, Maca remains an important dietary source not only in Peru, but as well as worldwide! With more research being done today to further explore what components are in Maca, only time will tell what additional health benefits Maca has to offer us.
18. Moringa oleifera: Domestication Histories and Emerging Deviations from Indian Origin The superfood, Moringa oleifera, has a rich history deeply rooted in its native Indian domestication and usage. Also widely known as “The Miracle Tree”, M. oleifera is often recognized by its white flowers and long-seed pods that are greatly sought after. Not only does M. oleifera provide an incomparable food source and multipurpose oil through its pods, but all parts of the plant may be used and consumed. The versatility of this plant is venerated in Indian culture where its consumption and, most importantly, medicinal usage involve all parts of the plant. Due to its spread across other countries, the species and its utilization have evolved to suit individual cultures and their own domestication desires. In the Philippines and North and South Africa, its nutritional value is greatly relied upon to treat malnourishment, purify water, and support community infrastructure while the Indian native medicinal usage is less emphasized and not well known. The Americas, on the other hand, have increasingly toyed with the novel M. oleifera ‘organic-superfood’ craze that tends to remove emphasis from its cultural value and multipurpose utilization to instead fawn over its supposed energy boosts, skin care implementations, and uses in its powder – likely less effective and increasingly more expensive than the original. Though its original purpose grows increasingly colonized, the domestication ventures globally of this superfood continue the legacy of the Moringa oleifera species itself – marked genetic increases in energy production associated with plastic to nucleus gene duplications. As each nation tends to and selects for various aspects of this energy contribution – whether for the nutritional, medicinal, or vanity value – the variation in these M. oleifera may grow towards eventual speciation. George Vetushko and Lauren Guevara #drumsticktree
20. Breadfruit: The Intrepid Fruit's Journey with Indigenous Peoples and Colonization Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg) is an intrepid dicot with a rich history and culture surrounding it. A. altilis originated from the South Pacific and was later spread throughout Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia by voyagers. Later on, breadfruit’s ease of maintenance and nutritional value made it a prime crop, in the eyes of colonizers, to feed African slaves in the Caribbean. Today, breadfruit continues to have an important role in sustainability, fighting malnutrition, and increasing food security.
21. Salvia hispanica: A Source of Strength Traditionally a key component in Aztec and Mexican culture, chia seeds have been used for centuries for their nutritional, decorative, and medicinal qualities. A common staple in many cultures around the world, these tiny seeds pack a powerful punch and are enjoyed by fitness enthusiasts everywhere. While the seeds themselves are easily recognizable, less well known is their source: a plant known as Salvia hispanica. This flowering, annual herb has a fascinating history and distinctive morphological traits that have evolved over time due to human cultivation. By exploring the myriad ways that this plant has interacted with people over the course of history, we can gain a greater appreciation of how chia seeds have been an important source of strength and inspiration for many. By Joshua Matsuda, Sarah Hoffman, Julia Lindner #Chia
24. Açaí Berry: The Exploitation of Labor in South America The açaí berry is a small fruit, similar in size to a blueberry but deeper purple in color. Native to Eastern Amazonia, the açaí berry has only recently begun to be popularized as a “superfood” in urban communities in the United States within the past 20 years. This superfood claims to be helpful for a variety of major health concerns including, but not limited to, arthritis, weight loss, high cholesterol, and detoxification (NCCIH). Even though research is limited and these claims remain unproven, the popularity of açaí berries still manages to grow exponentially each year. The global market for the açaí berry is expected to exceed $2 billion by 2026 (McCoy). The only proven claim than can be made about the açaí berry is that its rise in popularity only serves to threaten the lives of families, both adults and children, that are living in the surrounding communities in the Amazon who are responsible for harvesting the berries and are, in turn, routinely exploited for cheap, quick labor. More often than not, these açaí pickers, known as peconheiros, are forced to work in critically dangerous conditions and are paid little to nothing. Peconheiros are regularly exposed to serious injuries including bone fractures, accidental knife wounds, and venomous snake and spider bites. With the açaí trees growing upwards of 50 feet tall and only a braided rope being provided to climb, falls are common– and sometimes fatal. Further, peconheiros have no way of advocating for themselves in the event that they do become injured in the forest. No laws or regulations exist that protect the safety and wellness of the peconheiros. by Roberto Vindel, Pauline Le, and Max Kwon #Açaí

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