Thanks for your patience during our recent outage at scalar.usc.edu. While Scalar content is loading normally now, saving is still slow, and Scalar's 'additional metadata' features have been disabled, which may interfere with features like timelines and maps that depend on metadata. This also means that saving a page or media item will remove its additional metadata. If this occurs, you can use the 'All versions' link at the bottom of the page to restore the earlier version. We are continuing to troubleshoot, and will provide further updates as needed. Note that this only affects Scalar projects at scalar.usc.edu, and not those hosted elsewhere.
Agency through Otherness: Portraits of Performers in Circus Route Books, 1875-1925Main MenuIntroductionIntroduction to the book and information about ways to navigate the content.The American Experiment: Circus in ContextCircus performers and American history timelineRouting the Circus: The Things They CarriedCircus Routes Map, 1875-1925Ethnological Congresses and the Spectacleby Rebecca FitzsimmonsOutsiders in Demand: Chinese and Japanese Immigrant Performersby Angela Yon and Mariah WahlShattering Gender Roles: Women in the Circusby Elizabeth HarmanSide Show Sounds: Black Bandleaders Respond to ExoticismAnnexed Circus Musicians by Elizabeth C. HartmanNative Performance and Identity in The Wild West Showby Mariah WahlShowmen's Rests: The Final CurtainCircus Cemetery Plots by Elizabeth C. HartmanList of PerformersPerformers covered in this exhibitBibliography & Further ReadingsBibliography and readings for each chapterAcknowledgementsCreative Commons LicenseAngela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12021-01-28T08:49:17-08:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1Ethnological Congresses and the Spectacle58by Rebecca Fitzsimmonsplain10482072023-11-16T14:04:39-08:00Rebecca Fitzsimmons776fc8f5a4c40ba6b2ce5ef275d03821c12e0249
12020-11-27T08:48:02-08:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1Side Show Sounds: Black Bandleaders Respond to Exoticism53Annexed Circus Musicians by Elizabeth C. Hartmanplain10416342021-06-11T17:49:13-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12021-03-04T05:58:47-08:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1Ethnological Congresses43Section that discusses similarities and differences in Ethnological Congresses, Spectacles, and shows a timeline of development.plain2021-04-29T17:16:31-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12020-12-02T11:57:15-08:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1Circus Musicians & The Black Press30Much of what we know about side show musicians is thanks to the documentation of African American newspapers.plain2021-04-30T12:36:04-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12021-04-23T09:30:14-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1Chang: "The Chinese Giant"30plain2021-06-22T15:17:38-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12021-04-23T09:51:15-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1Che Mah: Short-Statured Chinese Performer24plain2025-10-12T03:57:49-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12020-12-02T15:43:21-08:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1Banished to the Annex: The Catch-22 of Circus Work23Side Show Musiciansplain2021-05-06T17:21:03-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12021-01-29T10:57:01-08:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1The Engineer: Fred D. Powell (1869-1922)5Biographical Timelineplain2021-04-29T16:53:36-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12021-02-11T12:24:00-08:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1The Soldier: S. P. White (1867-1943)5Biographical Timeline of S. P. White (1867-1943)plain2021-04-29T16:48:20-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12021-02-09T17:35:17-08:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1The Macon Jaybird: J. O. McNutt (1867-1931)4Biographical Timeline of J. O. McNutt (1867-1931)plain2021-04-29T16:50:34-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12021-01-30T18:42:34-08:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1The Macon City Kid: Joe W. Pleasant (1870-)4Biographical Timeline of Joe W. Pleasant (1870-)plain2021-04-29T16:55:07-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12021-02-03T23:18:24-08:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1The Brothers: W. T. (1872-1918) & C. E. (1874-1943) Enix4Biographical Timeline of W. T. Enix (1872-1918) & C. E. Enix (1874-1943)plain2021-04-29T16:56:38-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12021-02-20T17:19:00-08:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1The Big Band: James Wolfscale (~1868-1921)4Biographical timeline for James Wolfscale (circa 1868-1921)plain2021-04-29T16:57:44-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12021-04-22T11:58:37-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1Illustrated History of the Ethnological Congress3plain2025-10-12T03:45:38-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1
12021-03-13T11:33:37-08:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1The Firsts: T. S. Roadman (1844-1909) & R. N. Thompson (1858-1936)3Biographical timeline of T. S. Roadman (1844-1909) & R. N. Thompson (1858-1936)plain2021-04-29T16:47:10-07:00Angela Yon72f2fd7a28c88ceeba2adcf2c04fee469904c6f1