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Ethnological Congress and the Spectacle

Bibliography

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• Davis, Janet M. “The Circus Americanized.” The American Circus. Edited by Susan Weber, Kenneth Ames, and Matthew Wittmann. New York, NY: Bard Graduate Center, 2012.
• Garascia, Ann McKenzie.  “Freaking the Archive: Archiving Possibilities With the Victorian Freak Show”. doctoral dissertation, University of California Riverside, 2017.
• Gerber, David A. “The ‘Careers’ of People Exhibited in Freak Shows: The Problem of Volition and Valorization,” in Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body, ed. Rosemarie Garland-Thomson. New York, NY: New York University Press, 1996.
• Linfors, Bernth. Early African Entertainments Abroad : from the Hottentot Venus to Africa’s First Olympians. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2014.
• May, Whitney S. “Spectrality and Spectatorship: Heterotopic Doubling in Cinematic Circuses” in The Big Top on the Big Screen: Explorations of the Circus in Film. Edited by Teresa Cutler-Broyles. Jefferson, NC: McFarland Press, 2020.
• McClintock, Anne. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. New York, NY: Routledge, 1995.
• Murray, Marian. Circus! From Rome to Ringling. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1956.
• Poignant, Roslyn. Professional Savages: Captive Lives and Western Spectacle. New Haven,  CT: Yale University Press, 2004.
• Rosaldo, Renato. Culture & Truth: The Remaking of Social Analysis. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1993.
• Stambler, Benita and Jennifer Lemmer Posey. “The Oriental India Poster: Transnational Imagery and Ethnographic Representation in the American Circus,” Early Popular Visual Culture 13, no. 1 (2015): pp. 1-20, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17460654.2014.987877.
• Tromp, Marlene. “Empire and the Indian Freak: The ‘Miniature Man’ from Cawnpore and the ‘Marvellous Indian Boy’ on tour in England,” in Victorian Freaks: The Social Context of Freakery in Britain. Edited by Marlene Tromp. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 2008.
• Wittmann, Matthew. Circus and the City: New York, 1793-2010. New York, NY: Bard Graduate Center, 2012.

Further Readings

• Stambler, and Jennifer Lemmer Posey, “The Oriental India Poster: Transnational Imagery and Ethnographic Representation in the American Circus,” Early Popular Visual Culture 13, no. 1 (2015).
• Bogdan, Robert. Freak Show: Presenting Human Oddities for Amusement and Profit. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988.
• Bogdan, Robert. “The Social Construction of Freaks,” in Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body, ed. Rosemarie Garland-Thomson. New York, NY: New York University Press, 1996.
• Dahlinger, Fred Jr., “The Development of the Railroad Circus, Part Two,” Bandwagon 28, no. 1 (January—February. 1984).
• Lindfdors, Bernth. Early African Entertainments Abroad : from the Hottentot Venus to Africa’s First Olympians. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2014.
• Qureshi, Sadia. Peoples on Parade: Exhibitions, Empire, and Anthropology in Nineteenth Century Britain. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2011.

Outsiders in Demand: Chinese and Japanese Immigrant Performers

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• Haddad, John. “The Chinese Lady and China for the Ladies: Race, Gender, and Public Exhibition in Jacksonian America.” Chinese America: History & Perspectives-The Journal of the Chinese Historical Society of America, 2011: 5-19. Accessed April 28, 2021. https://www.chsa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/2011HP_02_Haddad.pdf
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• Hua, Jordan. “‘They Looked Askance’: American Indians and Chinese in the Nineteenth Century U.S. West ” Master’s thesis, (Rutgers University, 2012).
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• Jun, Helen H. "Black Orientalism: Nineteenth-Century Narratives of Race and U.S. Citizenship," American Quarterly 58, no. 4 (2006), Accessed April 28, 2021, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40068405. 
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• Lee, Josephine. The Japan of Pure Invention: Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 2010. 
• Lee, Josephine. "Stage Orientalism and Asian American Performance from the Nineteenth into the Twentieth Century," In The Cambridge History of Asian American Literature, ed. Rajini Srikanth and Min Hyoung Song. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
• Lee, Josephine. "Yellowface Performance: Historical and Contemporary Contexts," Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature. 25 Feb. 2019; Accessed 26 Apr. 2021, https://oxfordre.com/literature/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.001.0001/acrefore-9780190201098-e-834.
• Lee, Julia H. Interracial Encounters: Reciprocal Representations in African and Asian American Literatures, 1896-1937. New York: NYU Press, 2011. NYU Press Scholarship Online, 2016. doi: 10.18574/nyu/9780814752555.003.0001.
•  Leong, Karen J. “Foreign Policy, National Identity, and Citizenship: The Roosevelt White House and the Expediency of Repeal,” Journal of American ethnic history 22, no. 4 (2003).
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• Merritt, Christopher W. The Coming Man from Canton : Chinese Experience in Montana, 1862–1943. Lincoln: Nebraska, 2017.
• “The Mikado,” Wikipedia,  accessed April 17, 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mikado#cite_note-Mencken-3.
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• Zuck, Rochelle Raineri. Divided Sovereignties : Race, Nationhood, and Citizenship in Nineteenth-Century America. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2016.

Further Readings

• Densho. "Densho digital archives." https://densho.org/archives
• A Different Asian American Timeline. https://aatimeline.com/
• Dorman, Jacob S. The Princess and the Prophet : the Secret History of Magic, Race, and Moorish Muslims in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 2020.
• National Archives. Research our records, "Chinese Heritage." https://www.archives.gov/research/chinese-americans
• HoSang, Daniel Martinez, Oneka LaBennett, and Laura Pulido, eds. Racial Formation in the 21st Century. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 2012.
• Lipsitz, George. Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit from Identity Politics. Temple University Press, 2006.
• Lowe, Lisa. The Intimacies of Four Continents. Duke University Press, 2015.
• Ong, Aihwa. Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999.
• South Asian American Digital Archive. https://www.saada.org/
• Tchen, John Kuo Wei. New York before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture, 1776–1882. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University, 1999.

Shattering Gender Roles: Women in the Circus

Bibliography

• Adams, Katherine H. and Michael L. Keene. Women of the American Circus: 1880-1940. McFarland, 2012.
• American Etiquette and Rules of Politeness. Standard Pub. Co, 1883. doi: https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.355437.39088005845243.
• "Are you an Orphan? Then You Get to Go to John Robinson Circus Free! Orphaned Girl trick Rider Will Do Stunts for You". Des Moines Tribune. 04 July 1922. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72051385/tetu-robinson-orphan-rider/.
• Find A Grave. "Dolores “Dolly” Vallecita Hill". https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/169704482/dolores-hill.
• Chapman, David L. and Patricia Anne Vertinsky. Venus with Biceps: a Pictorial History of Muscular Women. Arsenal Press, 2010.
• Chicago Tribune. "Delevoped From Old Maids". 1895. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/74934432/newwomandeveloped-from-old-maids/ 
• Childress, Micah. “Life Beyond The Big Top: African American and Female Circusfolk, 1896-1920.” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 15 (2016): 176-196. https://doi:10.1017/S1537781415000250.
• Day by Day with Barnum & Bailey Season 1903-1904. Milner Library Circus Route Books Collection. https://digital.library.illinoisstate.edu/digital/collection/p15990coll5/id/9728/rec/3.
• Find A Grave. "Dolores “Dolly” Vallecita Hill". https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/169704482/dolores-hill.
• Footlight Notes. "Mlle. Zittella, English circus performer, strongwoman, singer and burlesque entertainer, San Francisco, circa 1880". 2013. https://footlightnotes.wordpress.com/2013/01/17/cabinet-photograph-of-mlle-zittella-zittella/
• Harper, Kimberly. “Ella Ewing.” https://www.newspapers.com/clip/72123047/ella-ewing-circus-vs-regular-travels/.
• History.com. Gilded Age. A&E Television Networks. Last Updated April 3, 2020. https://www.history.com/topics/19th-century/gilded-age.
• The Human Marvels. "Annie Jones – The Esau Woman". https://www.thehumanmarvels.com/annie-jones-the-esau-woman/.
• The Human Marvels. “Grace Gilbert the Redheaded Bearded Lady.” https://www.thehumanmarvels.com/grace-gilbert-the-bearded-lady/.
• Kelly, Kate. "First Woman Tiger Trainer/Tamer: Mabel Stark (1888-1968)". Heroes & Trailblazers, Influential Women, Inspirational Women. https://americacomesalive.com/mabel-stark-1888-1968-known-first-woman-tiger-trainertamer/.
• "Pretty Jap Girl and Dixie". The Charlotte News. 15 September 1918. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75410492/tetu-robinsoncharlotte-news-9-15-1918/.
• Rare Historical Photos. “The First Female Bodybuilders and Strongwomen Showing off Their Gains, 1900s.” Last modified May 23, 2018. rarehistoricalphotos.com/first-female-bodybuilders-1900s/.
• Santa Cruz Sentinel. Largest on Earth. 1889. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75420335/ida-williams-bio/
• Taber, Frances Wentz. A Carnival & Circus History 1902 - 1942. Florida: 2002.

Further Readings

• ​​​​​​Holman, Gavin. Soft lips on cold metal: female brass soloists of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Last Updated September 2019.

Side Show Sounds: Black Bandleaders Respond to Exoticism

Bibliography

•  Abbott, Lynn and Doug Seroff. Ragged but Right: Black Traveling Shows, "Coon Songs," and the Dark Pathway to Blues and Jazz. Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi, 2007.
• Berresford, Mark.  That's Got 'Em! The Life and Music of Wilbur C. Sweatman. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2012.
• Button, Marilyn D. "Cornish, Samuel." In The Concise Oxford Companion to African American Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Oxford Reference. Date Accessed 2 December 2020. https://www-oxfordreference-com.libproxy.lib.ilstu.edu/view/10.1093/acref/9780195138832.001.0001/acref-9780195138832-e-129.
• Carroll, Frederick James.  "Race News: How Black Reporters and Readers Shaped the Fight for Racial Justice, 1877-1978." PhD diss., College of William & Mary, 2012. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-ptak-p544.
• Childress, Micah. “Life Beyond The Big Top: African American and Female Circusfolk, 1896-1920.” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 15 (2016): 176-196. https://doi:10.1017/S1537781415000250.
• “Eph Williams: The Legend of the Tent.” Daily News, May 4, 1997. https://www.newspapers.com/image/475733789.
• Greene, Debra Foster. "Just enough of everything: The St. Louis Argus - an African American newspaper and publishing company in its first decade." Business History Conference 4 (2006). https://thebhc.org/sites/default/files/greene.
• Ratzlaff, Aleen J. "Illustrated African American Journalism: Political Cartooning in the Indianapolis Freeman." In Seeking a Voice: Images of Race and Gender in the 19th Century Press, edited by David B. Sachsman, 131-140. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press, 2009.
• Rouzeau, E. T. "Show-owner's wife airs views on tolerance: Says southern prejudice far less dangerous than said northern tolerence." The Pittsburgh Courier (1911-1950), March 14, 1942. https://www.newspapers.com/image/40067092/.

Further Readings

• Abbott, Lynn and Doug Seroff. "They Certl'y Sound Good to Me": Sheet Music, Southern Vaudeville, and the Commercial Ascendancy of the Blues." American Music 14, no. 4 (Winter 1996): 402-454. https://doi.org/10.2307/3052302
• Hauser, Mark. "Vaudeville, Popular Entertainment and Cultural Division in the Inland Empire, 1880-1914." Thesis, Claremont, 2013.
• Hughes, Sakina Mariam. "Under One Big Tent: American Indians, African Americans and the Circus World of Nineteenth-Century America." PhD diss., Michigan State University, 2012.
• Lefferts, Peter M. "Black US Army Bands and Their Bandmasters in World War I." Faculty Publications, University of Nebraska, 2018.
• Lewis, Steven. ""Untamed Music": Early Jazz in Vaudeville." Thesis, Florida State University, 2012.
• Masten, April F. "Challenge Dancing in Antebellum America: Sporting Men, Vulgar Women, and Blacked-Up Boys." Journal of Social History 48, no. 3 (Spring 2015): 605-634. https://doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shu07
• Moses, Jennifer. "Writing The Age: T. Thomas Fortune, the African American Press, and the Unfolding of Jim Crow America, 1880-1930." PhD dis., University of Delaware, 2012.
• Schwartz, Richard L. "The African American Contribution to the Cornet of the Nineteenth Century: Some Long-Lost Names." Historic Brass Society Journal 12 (2000): 61-88.
• Stencell, A. W. Circus and Carnival Ballyhoo: Sideshow Freaks, Jaggers and Blade Box Queens. Toronto: ECW Press, 2010.

Native Performance and Identity in The Wild West Show

Bibliography

• Boorn, Alida S. "Oskate Wicasa (One Who Performs)."  Central Missouri State University, 2005.
• Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center. "Descriptive Statement of Pupils from Pine Ridge Agency, February 1892," February 27th, 1892, Waidner-Spahr Library, Dickinson College, via the National Archives and Records Administration. Online.
• Carlisle Indian School Digital Resource Center. "Samuel Lone Bear Student Information Card," 1892-1897, Waidner-Spahr Library, Dickinson College, via the National Archives and Records Administration. Online.
• Chicago Tribune (Chicago Illinois): "Will Accompany Buffalo Bill: Bad Indians at Fort Sheridan to Give A 'Wild West' Show," 14 March 1891, via Newspapers.com. Accessed 13 Mar 2021.
• Davis, Janet M. The Circus Age: Culture & Society Under the American Big Top Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
• Davis, Janet M. “The Circus Americanized,” in The American Circus, ed. Susan Weber, Kenneth Ames, and Matthew Wittmann. New York, NY: Bard Graduate Center, 2012.
• Ellis, Mark R. "Reservation Akicitas: The Pine Ridge Indian Police, 1879-1885." South Dakota State Historical Society. Vol 29, no 3. Fall 1999.
• Everett Press (Everett, Pennsylvania), "Indians Block Traffic, Provide Thrill," 02 Aug 1935 via Newspapers.com
• Find A Grave. "George Edward Williams." https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/136381290/george-edward-williams. Accessed 13 Mar 2021.
• The Hampshire Advertiser (Southhampton, Hampshire, England) "One of 'Buffalo Bill's' Indians [...]" 02 Jan 1892, via Newspapers.com. Accessed 10 Mar 2021.
• Herbert, Ian. "From the Wild West to the North-west: how Buffalo Bill's traveling show left a Sioux legacy in Salford," 20 February 2006.The Independent. Online.  Accessed 12 Mar 2021.
• The Knoxville News-Sentinel (Knoxville, Tennessee) "Aged Indian Gives Version of 'Massacre,'" 19 Jan 1930, via Newspapers.com. Online. Accessed 13 Mar 2021.
• Maddra, S. Hostiles?: The Lakota Ghost Dance and Buffalo Bill's Wild West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. 2006.
• McNenly, Linda Scarangella.  Native Performers in Wild West Shows: From Buffalo Bill to Euro Disney.
• Moses, L. G. Wild West Shows and the Images of American Indians, 1883–1933. University of New Mexico Press.1996. ISBN 9780826316851.
• New York, New York Passenger and Crew Lists, "Sam Lone Bear,"1909, 1925-1957
• Petition for the removal of Agent Valentine McGillicuddy, published in the San Francisco Examiner (28 August 1882).
• Pratt, Richard Henry (1979) [1908]. The Indian Industrial School - Carlisle, Pennsylvania - Its origins, purposes, progress, and the difficulties surmounted. Carlisle, PA: Cumberland County Historical Society.
• Rangel, Pablo A. Racialized Nationality: Mexicans, Vaqueros, and U.S. Nationalism in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West.
• The San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco, California) "A Stormy 'Red Cloud:' The Sioux Chiefs Draw A Pen-Picture of an Indian Agent" 28 Aug 1882, via Newspapers.com. Online. Accessed 13 Mar 2021.
• U.S. v. Sioux Nation, 448 U.S., via Justia: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/448/371/. Accessed 13 Mar 2021.
• "United States, Native American, Census Rolls, 1885-1940," database, FamilySearch
• United States Census, 1910, "Joseph Iron White Man," database with images, FamilySearch. Accessed 15 Mar 2021. 
• United States Indian Service, "Suspension of Agent McGillicuddy," 4 October 1882, via the National Archives and Records Administration. Online. Accessed 13 Mar 2021.
• United States Registers of Enlistments in the U.S. Army, 1798-1914. "Lone Bear," 06 January 1878, via FamilySearch Database. Online.
• Witmer, Linda F. "Carlisle Indian Industrial School (1879 - 1918)". Cumberland County Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2013-05-29. Accessed 2021-04-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20130529090354/http://journals.historicalsociety.com/ftp/ciiswelcome.html.

Further Readings

• The 400 Years Project, https://www.400yearsproject.org/.
• Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties Vol. I, Laws (Compiled to December 1, 1902). Archived via Wayback Machine, 2011-08-05.
• LANDBACK. "Landback manifesto." Accessed May 2, 2021. https://landback.org/manifesto/.
• U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Native Voices: Native Peoples' concepts of health and illness." Accessed May 2, 2021. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/nativevoices/index.html.

Showmen's Rests: The Final Curtain

Bibliography

• Childress, Micah. “Life Beyond The Big Top: African American and Female Circusfolk, 1896-1920.” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 15 (2016): 176-196. https://doi:10.1017/S1537781415000250.
• Circus Solly. “Under the Marquee.” Billboard, February 22, 1919, page 31. https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_1919-02-22_31_8/page/n30/mode/2up
• Grossman, Ron. “Circus graveyard: Showmen’s Rest and the Hagenbeck-Wallace tragedy of 1918.” Chicago Tribune, August 12, 2016. https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-circus-train-showmens-rest-flashback-perspec-0814-jm-20160810-story.html
• Hildreth, Walter D. “The Showmen’s League of America: A brief review of its past and a look into the future.” Billboard, December 22, 1917. https://archive.org/details/sim_billboard_1917-12-22_29_51/page/164/mode/2up
• Interstate Commerce Commission. Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Safety covering the investigation of an accident which occurred on the Michigan Central Railroad at Ivanhoe, Ind., on June 22, 1918. W. P Borland, Chief, Bureau of Safety. August 8, 1918. https://dotlibrary.specialcollection.net/Document?db=DOT-RAILROAD&query=(select+1+(byhits+(general+(anyof+circus)))) (Accessed April 3, 2021.)
• Lytle, Richard M. The Great Circus Train Wreck of 1918: Tragedy Along the Indiana Lakeshore. South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2010.