James Lee Dickey: An Analysis of One African-American's Leadership in Jim Crow Texas

Intimidation

In addition to quasi-legal methods to intimidate black voters, Southern Democrats used outright violence to prevent their participation. The Ku Klux Klan, Rifle Clubs, Red Shirts and the White League were all white terrorist groups in the South whose purpose was to use intimidation and violence to prevent African Americans from voting. Their methods included lynching, beating, rape, arson, vandalism, and rioting. Despite the elaborate costumes they wore to strike fear in their victims, their identities were not secret though fellow white townspeople did little to stop the practice.

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