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Asia-Pacific in the Making of the Americas: Toward a Global History

Merchants Eating In a Boat

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2. Hennepin's Nouvelle France, 1783 Louis Hennepin, 1783. Map of North America and the northern part of South America from New France to New Spain. Cartographic elements include Indian settlements, the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River, part of the Mississippi River, locations of missions and forts, sea banks or shoals, and lines of latitude and longitude. Decorative cartouche includes allegorical figures. An angel holding a shield with a cross smites a fallen man who holds snakes. At right, a redeemed man and woman rise up toward cross and the triumph of Louisiana. One female figure holds the royal French coat of arms, another holds a banner with "Louis." John Carter Brown Library
4. Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas — Sangley Details Detail of Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734), by Pedro Murillo Velarde. The Philippines was a vital part of the Spanish Empire, and the map shows the maritime routes from Manila to Spain and to New Spain. There are twelve engravings on the sides depicting different ethnic groups living in the archipelago and cartographic descriptions of particular cities or islands. From the National Library of Spain.
5. Merchants Eating In a Boat
6. Indias Ocidentales, 1601 (1575) "Descripcion de las Yndias del occidentals." Madrid, 1601, in Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos en las islas i Tierra Firme del Mar Oceano escrita por Antonio de Herrera coronista mayor de Su Md: de las Indias y su coronista de Castilla ... Decada primera" Map of the western hemisphere with the northwestern part of North America unfinished and showing part of western Iberian pennisula and Africa, part of China, Japan, part of New Guinea, and some of the Solomon islands. Includes the Line of Demarkation. Only four known surviving examples.
7. Francisco Felipe Faxicura Hasekura Rokuemon Tsunenaga was baptized as Francisco Felipe Faxicura on February 17, 1615 in Spain by King Philip III's personal chaplain. Shown in the top right is Hasekura's coat of arms: a crowned shield depicting a Buddhist swastika overlapping two intersecting arrows on an orange background. His coat of arms is seen in various places, including on his ship, San Juan Bautista. This image found in a German translation of: Historia del regno di Voxu del Giapone, first published Rome, 1615, found in the John Carter Brown Library or online at https://archive.org/details/relationvndgrndt00amat .
11. 1634 Japanese Red Seal Ship As the Japanese increasingly ventured on voyages for trading purposes nearing the seventeenth century, Red Seal ships became more common. Red Seal ships were military merchant sailing ships that were armed and carried red-sealed permits from Tokugawa Ieyasu, the Japanese ruler of the time. The seals allowed for a controlled system of foreign trade as well as protection against pirates. Tokyo Naval Science Museum.
13. The Life of St. Francis Xavier : Apostle of the Indies and Japan by Daniello Bartoli, 1608-1685. Bartoli, a 17th century Italian Jesuit writer, zealously describes St. Francis Xavier's travels to the Indies and Japan on galleons on a mission to convert foreigners to Catholicism. A description of St.Francis Xavier's 1549 voyage to Japan begins on page 326, Book the Third. Here, Bartoli refers to letters sent by St.Francis while in Japan and his ultimately successful efforts to spread Catholicism there. Bartoli writes on the saint's humility, skill with learning foreign languages (a skill he attributes to God) and the positive responses he received while preaching christianity. Translation of his Vita di S. Francesco Saverio della Compagnia di Gesù apostolo delle Indie.
16. Sangley Rebellion "Rare first edition of an important relation describing the 1639-40 revolt of ethnic Chinese Filipinos (Sangleyes) against Spanish colonial powers at the port of Calamba, located some 55 kilometers south of Manila. This organized conspiracy, sometimes called the Second Chinese Insurrection (the first Sangley rebellion occurred in 1603), had been coordinated to begin on Christmas Eve of 1639: Sangley insurgents (some 45,000 Sangleys lived in and around Manila at the time) corresponded with a Chinese pirate named Yquan Sanglus, agreeing that he should surprise the Spanish colonists and capture their galleons arriving from New Spain. Governor Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera’s (d. 1660) soldiers, supported by two companies of Sangley mestizos, one company of Japanese troops and additional fighters from among the indigenous and free black population, easily put down the revolt during January and February of 1640. The present document is rich with details and records that 5 million pesos worth of damage had been done in the rebellion, that the Spanish sank 11 of 20 Sangley ships, killed 650 Sangley sailors in the initial skirmish and several thousand infantrymen in the weeks that followed. Sangley prisoners questioned by the Spaniards confessed that their leader had offered large rewards, including a Spanish woman as a wife, to any who should bring him a Spanish head. A total of 7783 Sangley fighters surrendered to colonial authorities on 24 February 1640, the peace largely brokered by Jesuits and Augustinians, some of whom had themselves participated in the battle. "
22. Ships Near Port
23. Image of a Port
25. Chinese Merchants
27. Image of Ships on the Pacific Ocean
28. Port in Acapulco "The beautiful " birds- eye- view" of Mexico City by Juan Gómez de Trasmonte is extremely well -known as almost the only surviving representation of the city in the seventeenth -century . The origin , intentions and history of esta map are , however , less well- known. In fact , classical texts on the subject are inaccurate or incomplete mostly . Incorporating new cartobibliographic evidence , this article reinterprets Trasmonte 's plan from the point of view of four methodological statements : i ) The map is the territory . ii ) The map is not the territory . iii ) Territories are maps and iv ) The maps is the map . Hopefully , This analysis Contributes some innovative methodological principles for studying historical urban cartography ." From "The map is the City?. A new look at the bird's eye view of Mexico City in 1628 by Juan Gómez de Trasmonte"
29. Descripcion de las Yndias del Ocidentales by Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas
30. The Parían Market, from Itinerario
31. Linschoten's Map of the World
32. The Pacific Ocean with Flying Fish
33. Manila Bay, 1685
34. Chinese Merchants
35. Planta de las Islas Filipinas, 1699
37. Historia general, 1601
39. Signature of Luis de Encio
40. 1618 Chinese Map of the Philippines Dong Xi yang kao 東西洋考 (On the eastern and western oceans), 1618, by Zhang Xie 張燮, 1574-1640. "...is the most comprehensive Ming description of the countries of Southeast Asia." ( Wilkinson, Chinese History, a Manual, p. 747. "...a maritime geography of south Asia...deals with the history, topography, products, and trade of the lands of southeast Asia, including the Philippines, the Moluccas, Brunei (on the north coast of Borneo), ...Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, southwest coast of Borneo, a total of thirty-eight countries; discusses China's relations with Japan and the Dutch 紅毛番 ...revenue, navigation (with compass directions and distances and rhymed rules for weather prediction), and to a certain eunuch revenue collector Gao Cai, who exacted tribute from merchants...until his recall to Peking in 1615....documents and official communications between the Chinese court and various countries including Japan" -- Cf. Dictionary of Ming Biography: 77-78 (courtesy of The Ricci Institute Library). Nineteenth-century Chinese facsimile of the first edition from Brown University Libraries, The Gardner Collection.
42. Large Map of Asia "This... map embraces all of Asia. The Middle East is very well formed, although the Caspian Sea has the egg-like form it maintained on maps until the 1730s. The Arabian Peninsula is well defined, based on Portuguese sources, and India takes its form after the maps of the Dutch adventurer, Jan Hugyen van Linschoten (1596), which, in turn, borrowed from Portuguese sources. Southeast Asia and the Indonesian Archipelago are derived from charts made for the Dutch East India Company (the VOC), while China is derived from Jesuit sources, although Korea is an oddly elongated peninsula. The geography of the region would remain an enigma to Europeans until the early 18th Century. Japan's Honshu and Kyushu are recognizable, although the area further to the northeast remains a vast mystery. True to the ‘Carte à Figures’ style, which was the hallmark of the great contemporary period of Dutch Baroque cartography, the map is surrounded on three sides by registers of fine vignettes. Along the top of the map are views of Farmagusta (Cyprus), Rhodes (Greece), Damascus, Jerusalem, Aden and Hormuz (Persia). Along the left side of the map are depictions of people in local costume including Syrians, Arabs, Armenians & Persians, Indians, and Sumatrans. On the left side are depictions that include Javanese, Moluccans & Bandans, Chinese, Russians and Tartars. The map is further embellished by a fine title cartouche and ships and sea monsters in the seas. The map was originally conceived by Jodocus Hondius the Younger, as a part of an exceedingly rare Appendix to the Hondius-Mercator Atlas (1630), of which this edition included an extra panel of text at the bottom. The present edition was issued by Hondius’s brother-in-law, Jan Jansson, as part of Atlas Novus (1638). The Jansson edition is distinguishable by the appearance of Jansson’s imprint, within a cartouche, to the upper right, and the removal of the bottom text panel, which was considered to be too cumbersome for inclusion in a folio atlas. The map was originally conceived by Jodocus Hondius the Younger (1594-1629), whose eponymous father played a large part in the rise of Amsterdam as the dominant cartographic production center in the 17th Century. The present edition of the map is by Jan Jansson (1588-1664), who married Jodocus the Younger’s sister Elizabeth. He transformed the Hondius firm into a powerhouse of geographical publications. Jansson most notably published the Atlas Novus (1638), and the Atlas Major (1660), the 11 volumes of which included a town atlas, a hydrographic atlas, an atlas of the ancient world, and Andreas Cellarius’s incomparable celestial atlas. Jansson’s works were rivaled only by those of his arch-nemesis Joan Blaeu. The present map is one of the finest depictions of Asia from the apogee of Dutch cartography. It is also scarce, appearing on the market infrequently." From The Barry Ruderman Antique Maps, co.
44. Potosi Forma de los ingenios enquese muelen los metales de plata en la Ribera de Potosi el vno de dos Cabeças yelostro de una. Arzáns de Orsúa y Vela, Bartolomé, 1676-1736 (creator); leaf 91 from Historia de la villa imperial de Potosí by Bartholome Arzans de Orzua y Vela. This is a detailed manuscript account, published by Brown University in 1965, of “that mining center where the wealth and poverty, avarice and generosity, religiosity and bitter hatreds, cruelty and intrigues all flourished” (John Phelan, The Hispanic Historical Review 47:4, Nov. 1967).
45. Ships Near Port
48. Juan Correa, "St. Francis Xavier Baptizing" c. 1700
49. Guadalajara Cathedral
50. Parían Market " Market Manila, called the Parian . Juan Francisco de Ravenet and Bunel . Collection of drawings and prints of the Malaspina Expedition 1789-1794 . MN This is the only known drawing of Chinatown Manila, shortly before its demolition was ordered . Many of the characters depicted were the subject of a portrait by the same artist. " Known Drawing, 1521 1898 , Little Manila , Philippines 1521 , Single Drawing, Drawings , Spanish Philippines , Manila , Manila Call
54. Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas — Mestizo Details Detail of Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734), by Pedro Murillo Velarde. The Philippines was a vital part of the Spanish Empire, and the map shows the maritime routes from Manila to Spain and to New Spain. There are twelve engravings on the sides depicting different ethnic groups living in the archipelago and cartographic descriptions of particular cities or islands. From the National Library of Spain
55. The San Juan Bautista Originally owned by Date Masamune, an influential feudal lord in the Tokugawa court, the San Juan Bautista carried Hasekura Tsunenaga Rokuyemon, a samurai who led Masamune’s embassy to Spain and Italy, and Sebastián Vizcaíno, a Mexican diplomat. Vizcaíno was demoted to a simple passenger on the San Juan Bautista as Haskeura’s embassy sailed the ocean. A replica of the ship is shown here and found in Ishinomaki, Japan.
56. Schurman Commission Document, 1900 The Schurman Commission, also known as the First Philippine Commission, was formed by President William McKinley on January 20, 1899. The commission was tasked with studying the political climate of the country and make policy recommendations. While the report acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence, the commission reported that the country was not ready for self-governance. From the University of Michigan Library.
57. Conquest of the Philippines, 1698
59. Map depicting the bay of Acapulco in 1632, detailing Japanese ship Spanish captain Nicolás de Cardona sailed to Acapulco in 1614, the same year as Hasekura. He draws his then surroundings on the map and supplies a legend in his 1632 book, "Descripciones geográphicas e hydrográphicas de muchas tierras y mares del Norte y Sur en las Indias, en especial del descubrimiento del Reino de la California,"or "Geographic and hydrographic descriptions of many northern and southern lands and seas in the Indies, specifically the discovery of the kingdom of California.” The book is written in 1632, but the drawings on the map represent Cardona's catalogue of his surroundings during his 1614 expedition. He depicts a Japanese ship on the bay of Acapulco, believed to be the San Juan Bautista. Takashi Gonoi explains this likeliness in page 53 of "Hasekura Tsunenaga" 支倉常長, Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 2003.
60. Wong Kim Ark’s Departure Statement, 1894

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Thriving Chinese Enterprise in Manila and the Marketplace
From the beginning, the Hokkien traders realized that, in addition to the trans-Pacific luxury trade of good brought from China, Spaniards in Manila needed ready and steady supplies of food and myriad other necessities of everyday life, as well as provisions for the outbound galleons with their large crews of several hundred men. Not surprisingly, trade with the Sangley grew steadily and rapidly, consolidating Spanish dependency on the Chinese for almost everything to do with surviving and thriving in Las Filipinas, while inducing the Chinese away from sojourning to settling in Manila. So noted Governor Niño de Tavora in 1628: “There is no Spaniard, secular or religious, who obtains his food, clothing, or shoes, except through the Chinese.” (Dubs, p. 387). Or, as one of his predecessors, the interim governor and Audiencia judge (oidor) Antonio de Morga, noted dryly: “Verdad es, que sin estos Sangleyes, no se puede pasar ni sustentar la ciudad, porque son los oficiales de todos los oficios, grandes trabajadores, y a precios acomodados" (Morga, p. 320). To back up this observation, he provided a detailed catalogue of many of the everyday consumer household goods and foodstuff that Sangley merchants provided in Manila:
vasos de cobre y de hierro colado; mucha clavazón de toda suerte, fierro en plancha, estaño, y pera, nuez moscada, jenjibre, y otras frutas de la China, perniles de tocino, y otras çeçinas, gallinas vivas, de casta, y capones muy hermosos, mucha fruta verde, de naranjas de todos jéneros, castañas muy buenas, nuezes, peras, y chicueyes, verdes y pasados, que es fruta muy regalada; mucho hilo delgado, de todo jénero, agujas, antojos, cajuelas y escritorios, y camas, mesas, y sillas, y bancos dorados, y jaspeados de muchas figuras y labores, búfanos mansos, gansos como cisnes, cavallos, algunas mulas, y jumentos, hasta pájaros enjaulados que algunos hablan, y otros cantan, y les hazen hazer mil juguetes; otras mil bujerías, y brincos de poca costa y precio, que entre los Espaõles son de estima, sin much loça fina de todas suertes, canganes, y sines, y mantas negras, y azules, tacley, que es abalorio de todo jénero, y comerinas ensartadas, y otras cuentas y piedras de todas colores, pimiento, y otas especias, y curiosidades"
Translation
…metal basins, copper kettles and other copper and cast-iron pots; quantities of all sorts of nails, sheet-iron, tin and saltpeter and gunpowder. …wheat flour…preserves made of orange, peach, pear; nutmeg and ginger, and other fruits of China; salt port and other salt meats; live fowls of good breed and many fine capons; quantities of fresh fruits and oranges of all kinds, excellent chestnuts, walnuts and chicueyes (both green and dried, a delicious fruit); quantities of fine threads of all kinds, needles and knick-knacks; little boxes and writing bases; beds, tables, chairs and gilded benches, painted in many figures and patterns..."
Of course, the main purpose of this list-making was to provide details on all the beautiful and marvelous luxury goods that the Sangleys sold to Mexican merchants for the galleon ships:
seda cruda, en maço, fina de dos cabeças, y otra de menos ley; sedas flojas finas, blancas y de todas colores, en madejuelas, muchos terciopelos llanos, y labrados de todas laborers, colores y hechuras; y otros, los fondos de oro, y perfilados de la mismo; telas y brocadetes de oro y plata, sobre seda de diversas colores y labores, mucho oro y plata hilada en madejas, sobre hilo y sobre seda, pero la ojuela de todo el oro y plata, es falsa, sobre papel; demascos, rasos, tafetanes, y gorvaranes, picotes, y otras telas de todos colores, unas más finas y mejores que otras; cantidad de lençeria de yerva, que llaman lençesuelo, y de mantería blanca de algodón, de diferentes géneros y suertes, para todo servicio; almizcle, menjuy, marfil, muchas curiosidades de camas, pavellones, sobrecamas, y colgaduras, bordadas sobre terciopelo; damasco y gorvaran de matizes, sobremesas, almohadas, alfombras, jaezes de cavallos de los mismo, y de abalorio, y aljófar; algunas perlas y rubíes, y çafiros y piedras de cristal…"
Translation
domesticated buffaloes that resemble swans, horses, some mules and asses; even caged birds, some of which talk while others sing, and they make them play innumerable tricks. The Chinese furnish numberless other gewgaws and ornaments of little value and worth, which are esteemed among the Spaniards the finest two-strand raw silk in bundles and other silk of coarser quality; fine untwisted silk, white and of all colors, wound in small skeins; quantities of velvets, some plain and some embroidered in all sorts of figures, colors, and fashions, others with gold bodies and embroidery; woven stuffs and brocades, of gold and silver thread in skeins; damasks, satins, taffetas, and other cloths of different kinds and quantities. They also bring musk, benzoin and ivory; many bed ornaments, hangings, coverlets, and tapestries of embroidered velvet; damask, and cordovan tapestries of different shades; tablecloths, cushions, and carpets; horse-trappings of the same stuffs and embroidered with glass beads and seed-pearls; also pearls, rubies, sapphires and crystals…”

Finally, exhausted, he signed off his exhaustive list with the offhand remark that if he were to list everything, he would never finish, nor would there be enough paper (“…que referirlas todas, sería nunca acabar, ni bastaría mucho papel para ello”) (Morga, p. 312).
It is this additional critical role that led to the integration of the Chinese into the colonial life of Mexicans in Manila. Without competition from either Spaniards or native Filipinos, historian Edgar Wickberg simply noted: “Spanish settlements with needed goods and services was an open field for Chinese enterprises.(Wickberg, p. 4; italics added). Because so many of the enterprises consisted of providing daily services and everyday goods, most were located on site in Manila, specifically in the Parián. That is, instead of continuing to transport many of these manufactured items from China, Hokkien laborers and artisans followed in the wake of the merchants, relocating themselves and sometimes their families, but most importantly their workshops and retail business experience, to the Parián in Manila. The in-migration of these artisans was one of the key reasons leading to the Chinese demographic explosion as well as the growing occupational diversity in the Parián.
As Fray Domingo Salazar, first bishop of Manila, observed of the Parián as early as 1590:“… no hay cosa tanto de ver como esta, porque en él hay toda la contrataçion de la China, donde se hallan todos los géneros de mercadurías y cosas curiosas que de allá vienen; y se comiençan ya (á) hazer acá con tanta frecuençia más perfición que se haçen en la China, por la comunicaçcion que con los Españoles tienen, que con ella se an perfeccionado en cosas que en la China no se solián haçer."
In other words, Chinese artisans had begun to set up shop in the Manila Parián itself, where they manufactured consumer goods according to Spanish specifications, needs and taste. For this reason, craftsmen and artisans have set up workshops in the Parian, selling a great variety of goods at very low prices: Hállanse en este Parián todos los oficiales de todos los oficios y artes mecánicas de una República, y de todos en mucha cantidad; y se hacen cosas muy más curiosas que en España, y algunas veçes tan baratas, que es vergüença deçirlo.[7]
Bishop Salazar described these Mexicans as if they were children in a candy store, so eager were they to snap up all the merchandise that they exercised little restraint in the marketplace and displayed very bad business sense: “…a los castellanos no se les puede poner freno ni pone los en orden, y ansí se haya a todo estragando. For not being as astute as the Portuguese in their business dealings with these wily Sangley merchants, who were “not fools”, Spaniards ended up being seduced and paying more than necessary: “…les ban conosçiendo el humor, approvechanse el poco miramiento de los Españoles, y con brevedad se haçen más ricos de los que fueran, si los Españoles superan tener modo.”(Salazar, no pagination).[8] But no restraint can be put upon the Castilians, nor can they be regulated—the consequences of which is that everything is going to ruin; for the Sangleys, who were not born as fools, begin to understand the Spaniards’ disposition, and to take advantage of their lack of prudence, thus becoming richer than they would did the latter observe moderation.”(Salazar, in Blair and Robertson translation, p. 225). The consequences were predictable: “Los officios mecánicos de los Españoles an cessado todos, porque todos se visten y calçan con sangleyes, por ser muy buenos oficiales, al use de España, y háçenlo todo muy barato(Salazar, in Blair and Robertson translation, p. 226).[9]
According to the bishop, the Sangley quickly learned to produce high quality reproductions of Western arts and crafts, remarking that they were“tan ábiles é ingeniosos, que en viendo alguna pieça hecha de official de España, la sacan muy al propio.(Salazar, in Blair and Robertson translation, p. 226).[10] Speaking of gold and silversmiths,
Los plateros, aunque no saben esmaltar, porque en la China no usan esmalte pero en lo demás, ansí de oroto como de plata, haçen obras maravillosas, … y lo que más me admira es, que con no aber quando yo acquí llegué hombre dellos que supiese pintar cosa que algo fuese, so an perfiçionado tanto en este arte, que ansí en lo de pinçel como en lo de bulto, an sacado maravillosas pieças …"
Translation
Although the silversmiths do not know how to enamel (for enamel is not used in China), in other respects they produce marvelous work in old and silver…What arouses my wonder most is, that when I arrived no Sangley knew how to paint anything; but no they have so perfected themselves in this art that they produced marvelous work with both the brush and the chisel…" (Salazar, in Blair and Robertson translation, p. 226)
In mentioning chisel work along with paint work, Father Salazar called attention to the impressive ability of skilled Hokkien artisans’ ability to duplicate religious figures from images provided them, such as marble statues of the Child Jesus, and even improving upon the original with their use of new materials, such as ivory, a material unknown in Europe or the Americas.
"Algunos niños Jesús que yo e visto en marfil, me pareçe que no se puede haçer cosa más perfeta; y ansí lo afirman todos los que los an bisto. Banse proveyendo las yglesias de la ymágenes que éstos haçen, de que ante abía mucha falta, según la abilidad que muestran al retratar las ymágenes que bienen de España, entiendo que antes de mucho no nos harán falta las que se haçen de Flandes; y lo que dixe de los pintores, digo también de los bordadores, que ban ya hacienda obras bordadas muy perfectas y se van cada día perfeccionando.”
Translation
"I think that nothing more perfect could be produced than some of their marble statues of the Child Jesus which I have seen. This opinion is affirmed by all who have seen them. The churches are beginning to be furnished with the images which the Sangleys make, and which we greatly lacked before; and considering the ability displayed by these people in reproducing the images which come from España, I believe that soon we shall not even miss those made in Flanders. What I say of the painters applies also to embroiderers, who are already producing excellent embroidered works, and are continually improving in that art." (Salazar, in Blair and Robertson translation, p. 226)
Fray Domingo took great pleasure in sharing with the Emperor the amusing story of a Mexican master book-binder (enquadernador) whose Chinese assistant surreptitiously learned the trade so well that he could produce a perfectly bound book at less cost that the Spanish master closed up his workshop and went back to Mexico. Speaking of the clever young Chinese craftsman, todos acuden al sangley, y haçe tan buena obra, que no haçe falta el official Español, y al punto que estas escrivo, tengo en mis manos un Nabarro en latín, enquadernado por él, que en Sevilla á mi juiçio no se encuadernara mexor.[11] Chinese artisans also produced chairs, bridles and stirrups (sillas, frenos y estribos) in such good quality and so cheaply “que algunos mercaderes quieren de ellos haçer cargaçón para México.” (“…some merchants wish to load a cargo of these articles for Mexico) (Salazar, no pagination; translation in Blair and Robertson, p. 227).

^{________________________}

^{[7] “These articles have already begun to be manufactured here, as quickly and with better finish than in China; and this is due to the intercourse between Chinese and Spaniards, which has enabled the former to perfect themselves in things which they were not wont to produce in China. In this Parián are to be found workmen of all trades and handicrafts of a nation, and many of them in each occupation. They make much prettier articles than are made in España, and sometimes so cheap that I am ashamed to mention it.” (Salazar, in Blair and Robertson translation, p. 225) [8] If we Castilians were cautious as the Portuguese in trading with them, these articles would be much cheaper, and the Chinese would still gain by it. For goods are sold at a very low cost in China; and, no matter how little profit they make there, when these objects are sold here they yield large profits. But no restraint can be put upon the Castilians, nor can they be regulated—the consequences of which is that everything is going to ruin; for the Sangleys, who were not born as fools, begin to understand the Spaniards’ disposition, and to take advantage of their lack of prudence, thus becoming richer than they would did the latter observe moderation.” (Salazar, in Blair and Robertson translation, p. 225)
[9] “The handicrafts pursued by Spaniards have all dried out, because people buy their clothes and shoes from the Sangleys, who are very good craftsmen in Spanish fashion, and make everything at a very low cost.” (Salazar, in Blair and Robertson translation, p. 226)
[10] “They are so skillful and clever that, as soon as they see any object made by a Spanish workman, they reproduce it with exactness.” (Salazar, in Blair and Robertson translation, p. 226)
[11] “…the Sangley has drawn all the trade. His work is so good that there is no need of the Spanish tradesman. At the time I am writing, I have in my hand a Latin version of the Nabarro bound by him; and, in my judgment, if could not be better bound, even in Sevilla.” (Salazar, in Blair and Robertson translation, p. 227)}