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Asia-Pacific in the Making of the Americas: Toward a Global History

Juan Correa, "St. Francis Xavier Baptizing" c. 1700

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2. Hennepin's Nouvelle France, 1783 Louis Hennepin, 1783. Map of North America and the northern part of South America from New France to New Spain. Cartographic elements include Indian settlements, the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River, part of the Mississippi River, locations of missions and forts, sea banks or shoals, and lines of latitude and longitude. Decorative cartouche includes allegorical figures. An angel holding a shield with a cross smites a fallen man who holds snakes. At right, a redeemed man and woman rise up toward cross and the triumph of Louisiana. One female figure holds the royal French coat of arms, another holds a banner with "Louis." John Carter Brown Library
3. Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas — Sangley Details Detail of Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734), by Pedro Murillo Velarde. The Philippines was a vital part of the Spanish Empire, and the map shows the maritime routes from Manila to Spain and to New Spain. There are twelve engravings on the sides depicting different ethnic groups living in the archipelago and cartographic descriptions of particular cities or islands. From the National Library of Spain.
4. Merchants Eating In a Boat
5. Indias Ocidentales, 1601 (1575) "Descripcion de las Yndias del occidentals." Madrid, 1601, in Historia general de los hechos de los castellanos en las islas i Tierra Firme del Mar Oceano escrita por Antonio de Herrera coronista mayor de Su Md: de las Indias y su coronista de Castilla ... Decada primera" Map of the western hemisphere with the northwestern part of North America unfinished and showing part of western Iberian pennisula and Africa, part of China, Japan, part of New Guinea, and some of the Solomon islands. Includes the Line of Demarkation. Only four known surviving examples.
7. Francisco Felipe Faxicura Hasekura Rokuemon Tsunenaga was baptized as Francisco Felipe Faxicura on February 17, 1615 in Spain by King Philip III's personal chaplain. Shown in the top right is Hasekura's coat of arms: a crowned shield depicting a Buddhist swastika overlapping two intersecting arrows on an orange background. His coat of arms is seen in various places, including on his ship, San Juan Bautista. This image found in a German translation of: Historia del regno di Voxu del Giapone, first published Rome, 1615, found in the John Carter Brown Library or online at https://archive.org/details/relationvndgrndt00amat .
12. The Life of St. Francis Xavier : Apostle of the Indies and Japan by Daniello Bartoli, 1608-1685. Bartoli, a 17th century Italian Jesuit writer, zealously describes St. Francis Xavier's travels to the Indies and Japan on galleons on a mission to convert foreigners to Catholicism. A description of St.Francis Xavier's 1549 voyage to Japan begins on page 326, Book the Third. Here, Bartoli refers to letters sent by St.Francis while in Japan and his ultimately successful efforts to spread Catholicism there. Bartoli writes on the saint's humility, skill with learning foreign languages (a skill he attributes to God) and the positive responses he received while preaching christianity. Translation of his Vita di S. Francesco Saverio della Compagnia di Gesù apostolo delle Indie.
13. 1634 Japanese Red Seal Ship As the Japanese increasingly ventured on voyages for trading purposes nearing the seventeenth century, Red Seal ships became more common. Red Seal ships were military merchant sailing ships that were armed and carried red-sealed permits from Tokugawa Ieyasu, the Japanese ruler of the time. The seals allowed for a controlled system of foreign trade as well as protection against pirates. Tokyo Naval Science Museum.
15. Sangley Rebellion "Rare first edition of an important relation describing the 1639-40 revolt of ethnic Chinese Filipinos (Sangleyes) against Spanish colonial powers at the port of Calamba, located some 55 kilometers south of Manila. This organized conspiracy, sometimes called the Second Chinese Insurrection (the first Sangley rebellion occurred in 1603), had been coordinated to begin on Christmas Eve of 1639: Sangley insurgents (some 45,000 Sangleys lived in and around Manila at the time) corresponded with a Chinese pirate named Yquan Sanglus, agreeing that he should surprise the Spanish colonists and capture their galleons arriving from New Spain. Governor Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera’s (d. 1660) soldiers, supported by two companies of Sangley mestizos, one company of Japanese troops and additional fighters from among the indigenous and free black population, easily put down the revolt during January and February of 1640. The present document is rich with details and records that 5 million pesos worth of damage had been done in the rebellion, that the Spanish sank 11 of 20 Sangley ships, killed 650 Sangley sailors in the initial skirmish and several thousand infantrymen in the weeks that followed. Sangley prisoners questioned by the Spaniards confessed that their leader had offered large rewards, including a Spanish woman as a wife, to any who should bring him a Spanish head. A total of 7783 Sangley fighters surrendered to colonial authorities on 24 February 1640, the peace largely brokered by Jesuits and Augustinians, some of whom had themselves participated in the battle. "
19. Ships Near Port
20. Image of a Port
24. Chinese Merchants
27. Image of Ships on the Pacific Ocean
28. Port in Acapulco "The beautiful " birds- eye- view" of Mexico City by Juan Gómez de Trasmonte is extremely well -known as almost the only surviving representation of the city in the seventeenth -century . The origin , intentions and history of esta map are , however , less well- known. In fact , classical texts on the subject are inaccurate or incomplete mostly . Incorporating new cartobibliographic evidence , this article reinterprets Trasmonte 's plan from the point of view of four methodological statements : i ) The map is the territory . ii ) The map is not the territory . iii ) Territories are maps and iv ) The maps is the map . Hopefully , This analysis Contributes some innovative methodological principles for studying historical urban cartography ." From "The map is the City?. A new look at the bird's eye view of Mexico City in 1628 by Juan Gómez de Trasmonte"
29. Descripcion de las Yndias del Ocidentales by Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas
30. The Parían Market, from Itinerario
31. Linschoten's Map of the World
32. The Pacific Ocean with Flying Fish
33. Chinese Merchants
34. Manila Bay, 1685
35. Historia general, 1601
36. Planta de las Islas Filipinas, 1699
38. Signature of Luis de Encio
39. 1618 Chinese Map of the Philippines Dong Xi yang kao 東西洋考 (On the eastern and western oceans), 1618, by Zhang Xie 張燮, 1574-1640. "...is the most comprehensive Ming description of the countries of Southeast Asia." ( Wilkinson, Chinese History, a Manual, p. 747. "...a maritime geography of south Asia...deals with the history, topography, products, and trade of the lands of southeast Asia, including the Philippines, the Moluccas, Brunei (on the north coast of Borneo), ...Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, southwest coast of Borneo, a total of thirty-eight countries; discusses China's relations with Japan and the Dutch 紅毛番 ...revenue, navigation (with compass directions and distances and rhymed rules for weather prediction), and to a certain eunuch revenue collector Gao Cai, who exacted tribute from merchants...until his recall to Peking in 1615....documents and official communications between the Chinese court and various countries including Japan" -- Cf. Dictionary of Ming Biography: 77-78 (courtesy of The Ricci Institute Library). Nineteenth-century Chinese facsimile of the first edition from Brown University Libraries, The Gardner Collection.
41. Large Map of Asia "This... map embraces all of Asia. The Middle East is very well formed, although the Caspian Sea has the egg-like form it maintained on maps until the 1730s. The Arabian Peninsula is well defined, based on Portuguese sources, and India takes its form after the maps of the Dutch adventurer, Jan Hugyen van Linschoten (1596), which, in turn, borrowed from Portuguese sources. Southeast Asia and the Indonesian Archipelago are derived from charts made for the Dutch East India Company (the VOC), while China is derived from Jesuit sources, although Korea is an oddly elongated peninsula. The geography of the region would remain an enigma to Europeans until the early 18th Century. Japan's Honshu and Kyushu are recognizable, although the area further to the northeast remains a vast mystery. True to the ‘Carte à Figures’ style, which was the hallmark of the great contemporary period of Dutch Baroque cartography, the map is surrounded on three sides by registers of fine vignettes. Along the top of the map are views of Farmagusta (Cyprus), Rhodes (Greece), Damascus, Jerusalem, Aden and Hormuz (Persia). Along the left side of the map are depictions of people in local costume including Syrians, Arabs, Armenians & Persians, Indians, and Sumatrans. On the left side are depictions that include Javanese, Moluccans & Bandans, Chinese, Russians and Tartars. The map is further embellished by a fine title cartouche and ships and sea monsters in the seas. The map was originally conceived by Jodocus Hondius the Younger, as a part of an exceedingly rare Appendix to the Hondius-Mercator Atlas (1630), of which this edition included an extra panel of text at the bottom. The present edition was issued by Hondius’s brother-in-law, Jan Jansson, as part of Atlas Novus (1638). The Jansson edition is distinguishable by the appearance of Jansson’s imprint, within a cartouche, to the upper right, and the removal of the bottom text panel, which was considered to be too cumbersome for inclusion in a folio atlas. The map was originally conceived by Jodocus Hondius the Younger (1594-1629), whose eponymous father played a large part in the rise of Amsterdam as the dominant cartographic production center in the 17th Century. The present edition of the map is by Jan Jansson (1588-1664), who married Jodocus the Younger’s sister Elizabeth. He transformed the Hondius firm into a powerhouse of geographical publications. Jansson most notably published the Atlas Novus (1638), and the Atlas Major (1660), the 11 volumes of which included a town atlas, a hydrographic atlas, an atlas of the ancient world, and Andreas Cellarius’s incomparable celestial atlas. Jansson’s works were rivaled only by those of his arch-nemesis Joan Blaeu. The present map is one of the finest depictions of Asia from the apogee of Dutch cartography. It is also scarce, appearing on the market infrequently." From The Barry Ruderman Antique Maps, co.
43. Potosi Forma de los ingenios enquese muelen los metales de plata en la Ribera de Potosi el vno de dos Cabeças yelostro de una. Arzáns de Orsúa y Vela, Bartolomé, 1676-1736 (creator); leaf 91 from Historia de la villa imperial de Potosí by Bartholome Arzans de Orzua y Vela. This is a detailed manuscript account, published by Brown University in 1965, of “that mining center where the wealth and poverty, avarice and generosity, religiosity and bitter hatreds, cruelty and intrigues all flourished” (John Phelan, The Hispanic Historical Review 47:4, Nov. 1967).
45. Ships Near Port
47. Guadalajara Cathedral
49. Juan Correa, "St. Francis Xavier Baptizing" c. 1700
50. Parían Market " Market Manila, called the Parian . Juan Francisco de Ravenet and Bunel . Collection of drawings and prints of the Malaspina Expedition 1789-1794 . MN This is the only known drawing of Chinatown Manila, shortly before its demolition was ordered . Many of the characters depicted were the subject of a portrait by the same artist. " Known Drawing, 1521 1898 , Little Manila , Philippines 1521 , Single Drawing, Drawings , Spanish Philippines , Manila , Manila Call
53. Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas — Mestizo Details Detail of Carta Hydrographica y Chorographica de las Yslas Filipinas (1734), by Pedro Murillo Velarde. The Philippines was a vital part of the Spanish Empire, and the map shows the maritime routes from Manila to Spain and to New Spain. There are twelve engravings on the sides depicting different ethnic groups living in the archipelago and cartographic descriptions of particular cities or islands. From the National Library of Spain
55. Schurman Commission Document, 1900 The Schurman Commission, also known as the First Philippine Commission, was formed by President William McKinley on January 20, 1899. The commission was tasked with studying the political climate of the country and make policy recommendations. While the report acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence, the commission reported that the country was not ready for self-governance. From the University of Michigan Library.
56. The San Juan Bautista Originally owned by Date Masamune, an influential feudal lord in the Tokugawa court, the San Juan Bautista carried Hasekura Tsunenaga Rokuyemon, a samurai who led Masamune’s embassy to Spain and Italy, and Sebastián Vizcaíno, a Mexican diplomat. Vizcaíno was demoted to a simple passenger on the San Juan Bautista as Haskeura’s embassy sailed the ocean. A replica of the ship is shown here and found in Ishinomaki, Japan.
57. Wong Kim Ark’s Departure Statement, 1894
58. Conquest of the Philippines, 1698
60. Map depicting the bay of Acapulco in 1632, detailing Japanese ship Spanish captain Nicolás de Cardona sailed to Acapulco in 1614, the same year as Hasekura. He draws his then surroundings on the map and supplies a legend in his 1632 book, "Descripciones geográphicas e hydrográphicas de muchas tierras y mares del Norte y Sur en las Indias, en especial del descubrimiento del Reino de la California,"or "Geographic and hydrographic descriptions of many northern and southern lands and seas in the Indies, specifically the discovery of the kingdom of California.” The book is written in 1632, but the drawings on the map represent Cardona's catalogue of his surroundings during his 1614 expedition. He depicts a Japanese ship on the bay of Acapulco, believed to be the San Juan Bautista. Takashi Gonoi explains this likeliness in page 53 of "Hasekura Tsunenaga" 支倉常長, Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 2003.

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The First Mexican Contacts with Asia For us this story begins with the first contacts between Spain and Asia, which took place through Mexico (New Spain) in the sixteenth century. In 1527, by order of King Carlos I, Hernán Cortés sent Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón to explore the Pacific Ocean; he sailed from Zihuatanejo harbor, which is today a beautiful tourist destination in the Mexican Pacific Coast, arriving three months later in the archipelago the Spaniards had christened Las Filipinas, after the Spanish emperor Felipe II. Several expeditions followed this one, but none were able to find a return route to Mexico until 1564, on the transpacific voyage undertaken by Miguel López de Legaspi and the brilliant navigator and friar Andrés de Urdaneta.

Legaspi and Urdaneta, who had sailed from Puerto de Navidad (to the south of Jalisco), arrived in Las Filipinas in February of 1565; and by the middle of that year, Urdaneta had found the route back to Mexico when he took a northerly course towards the Japanese archipelago, and from there he followed the Siwo Stream to the California coast; then, by hugging the coastline, he arrived in Acapulco.[1] Legaspi, in turn, stayed behind in Las Filipinas, founded Manila as the archipelago’s capital in 1571, and became its first governor. From that moment on, hundreds of Chinese vessels arrived annually in Manila to trade with the Spaniards. In 1573, the first official cargo of Chinese goods formally arrived in Acapulco. This transpacific trade significantly influenced the relationship with Japan, since that country would eventually become a supplier for the galleons and a necessary stopover in the long return voyage across the great Pacific Ocean.

Spaniards and Japanese diplomats established contact in the last decade of the sixteenth century.[2] In 1592, Toyotomi Hideyoshi (one of the three unifiers of Japan, along with Oda Nobunaga and Ieyasu Tokugawa), sent an envoy to Manila to demand tribute. Governor Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas was able to handle the situation well diplomatically and managed to appease, to a certain extent, Hideyoshi’s menacing tone. For the following seventeen years, intermittent diplomatic exchanges took place between Japan and Manila with its respective ups and downs, but produced no substantial progress in building the relationship. The main reason was that the two parties’ interests were different: while Japan was interested in commercial exchange, aware of the growing importance of the Asian trade from Manila to Mexico, the paramount objective of the Spaniards was Christian evangelization. Japan's Christianization had begun in 1549 with the arrival of Jesuit Francisco Javier to Japan; for more than forty years, the Jesuits were the only Christian order in those lands, where they focused their evangelizing work mainly on the islands’ feudal elites.[3] Franciscans arrived in the 1590s, but their oppositional stance to the central Japanese authority led to the first executions of Catholics in Japan, which occurred in Nagasaki Harbor in 1597; except for three Japanese converted by Jesuits, all the others executed were Franciscans. Far from being deterred, Jesuits redoubled their missionary efforts in Japan, increasing their resident numbers from four to thirty between 1599 and 1600, resulting in 70,000 conversions, according to their records.[4] The beginning of the new century witnessed the rise of Ieyasu Tokugawa, ushering in a period of calm as more religious orders arrived, such as the Dominicans and the Augustinians. Peace was short-lived, however; for political reasons, the Japanese government ordered the Christian churches to close down in 1612, the missionaries stripped of their properties and ordered deported, thus initiating a systematic eradication of Christendom in Japan.[5]
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^{[1] CALDERÓN, Francisco R; Historia Económica de la Nueva España en tiempos de los Austrias; México, DF: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1ª. Reprint of the 1st . edition; 1995 [1988]. P. 565. Also: Antonio M. Molina; América en Filipinas; Madrid: Ed. MAPFRE; 1992; pp. 102-103.
[2] Not including the “Embassy of the Youth”, formed by four teenage Japanese members of the Kyushu island feudal nobility who arrived in Europe in 1584 guided by Jesuits (see: Judith Brown and Adriana Boscaro)
[3] Missing footnote
[4] According to Joao Paulo Oliveira e Costa, in 1600 there were around 300 000 Japanese who practiced catholicism in Japan, many of them noble people, of whom at least fourteen daimyô had been baptized. OLIVEIRA E COSTA, João Paulo; “Tokugawa Ieyasu and the Christian daimyô during the crisis of 1600”; Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies; December 2003, año/vol. 7; Lisboa, Portugal: Universidade Nova de Lisboa. P. 56.
[5] BORAO, José Eugenio; “La colonia de japoneses en Manila en el marco de las relaciones de Filipinas y Japón en los siglos XVI y XVII”, in Cuadernos CANELA: Actas de la Confederación Académica Nipona, Española y Latinoamericana, Vol. XVII, 2005; p. 13. Available at: http://www.canela.org.es}