Problem: Leaders must trust others to provide them with actionable intelligence; seemingly, they cannot know all
Leaders must trust others to provide them with actionable intelligence; seemingly, they cannot know all. Sometimes the information they provide may be discomforting to the leader.
WHY it may be a problem
Others may not actually be able to provide actionable intelligence for any number of reasons: they may have good intentions but not realize the weaknesses of their information; they may be trying to impress the leader with information and thus overestimate its value; they may be trying to manipulate the leader with false information.
QUESTIONS to consider
How does a leader find sources of intelligence that he/she can trust, given that the leader himself/herself cannot know all?
FURTHER READING
See Nan Keohane's "On Leadership: On Choosing and Assessing Subordinates" (pp. 707-708).