Flipping through Secret Knowledge without reading the texts would give you an idea of what the distinction between a spectator and an observer is. As someone walking around the Louvre, overwhelmed by the amount of iconic and beautiful artworks, would feel, the visual evidence alone in Hockney’s book only leads the reader to become “a passive onlooker at a spectacle”. However, Hockney’s texts provide the reader with the guidelines of what they should look out for in the provided pictures in each and past pages, allowing the reader to really connect with the message he is trying to convey. Through this, Hockney transforms the reader in to an observer.