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1. 1 2022-05-28T13:09:00-07:00 Quinn Schwabauer c956296b3a71313515a7b42080b7c21898a4e1b3 Cultivar differences Quinn Schwabauer 3 plain 2022-05-28T13:10:32-07:00 Quinn Schwabauer c956296b3a71313515a7b42080b7c21898a4e1b3

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• 1 2022-05-11T11:25:26-07:00 Pouteria lucuma: An exploration of historical and modern medical uses of the Andean lucuma fruit 101 Pouteria lucuma is a fruit tree of the family Sapotaceae of the order Ericales native to the Andean Valley of South America. The fruit is commonly used in Peruvian desserts, especially icecream, for its unique flavor, often described as resembling maple, butterscotch, or sweet potato. It was used as a subsistence crop by the native peoples of coastal Chile and Peru as early as 700 BC. The fruit was an important part of fertility rituals of these peoples, as its consumption was thought to promote lactation in new mothers. No studies have been done to that effect, however there has been significant research into other medicinal properties of the fruit. The oil extracted from the seeds and skins of the fruit, which are typically discarded as industrial waste, has high phenolic content and has been shown to aid in wound closure and skin regeneration. These properties have made the fruit of special interest to the skin care industry. By Jasmine White, Quinn Schwabauer, Jin Zhu #lucuma plain 2022-05-29T17:07:04-07:00

  
  Nomenclatural History

  Pouteria lucuma is a fruit with an ever-changing nomenclatural history. Though commonly known as lucuma, there are many regional names for this fruit. It is known as logma in the Bolívar region of Ecuador, lohma or louma in the Cotopaxi region of Ecuador, lucma or lucmo throughout Ecuador, lucumo in the Lima region of Peru, maco or rucma in Colombia, and mamón in Costa Rica (Pennington, 1990, pp. 381-385; Thulin et al., 2021). The current common name, lucuma, is a derivative of these indigenous names. First appearing in scientific literature as a genus, Lucuma fell within Icosandria Digynia according to the Linnean sexual system, as described by Juan Ignacio Molina’s “Saggio”. Since then, Lucuma has been used by multiple authors to describe a genus of Sapotaceae beyond the Andean region, including Asia, Australia, and Africa. This genus is currently synonymous with Pouteria, based on work published by T.D. Pennington (Thulin et al., 2021). The lucuma fruit, now known as Pouteria lucuma (Ruiz and Pavón) Kuntze was initially known as Lucuma bifera Molina, with other historic binomial names including Achras lucuma Ruiz and Pavón, Lucuma obovata Kunth, and Pouteria insignis Baehni (Pennington, 1990, pp. 381-385; Thulin et al., 2021).

  Evolutionary History

  Pouteria lucuma belongs to the family Sapotaceae within the order Ericales (Ericales, n.d.). The number of genera in the Sapotaceae family has fluctuated, from Aubréville’s historic 122 to Pennington’s current 53, all based on morphological characteristics (de Faria et al., 2017; Swenson & Anderberg, 2005). Because of Pennington's wide generic concepts, the genus Pouteria includes 304 species with pantropical distributions (Swenson & Anderberg, 2005). Phylogenetic reconstructions have demonstrated that Pouteria is polyphyletic, meaning that the type species from the New World should be placed in their own clade separate from other tropical Pouteria species (de Faria et al., 2017; Swenson & Anderberg, 2005; Thulin et al., 2021). This large genus shows homoplasy instead of synapomorphies, because of the previous reliance on morphological classifications instead of genetic analysis (de Faria et al., 2017; Swenson & Anderberg, 2005). New molecular evidence suggests that there is a strongly supported clade that includes P. lucuma that should be separated from Pouteria and reinstated under the genus Lucuma (Thulin et al., 2021).
  
  Although the molecular phylogeny of P. lucuma specifically has not been published yet, there is morphological evidence of relation to Pouteria campechiana, a member of the former Lucuma genus, supported by geographical evidence (Pennington, 1990, pp. 381-385; Thulin et al., 2021). By looking at the molecular phylogeny of the Pouteria genus and focusing on P. campechiana, we can gain insight into P. lucuma’s evolutionary history (de Faria et al., 2017).

  Ecology and Life History

  Lucuma grows on a subtropical fruit tree that originated in the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Andes mountains (Duarte & Paull, 2015, pp. 117–123). Its current distribution is from Andean Colombia heading southward to Northern Chile, growing in wet montane and cloud forest, usually between 1500 and 3000 m altitude, but can rarely be seen as low as 700 m (Pennington, 1990, pp. 381-385). The lucuma tree is most suited to sandy or sandy loam soils with high contents of organic matter and good drainage. It is able to moderately tolerate salinity and alkalinity, but the ideal pH is around 6.5-7.5. The tree is adapted to fairly dry conditions but needs rainfall of about 800-1,000 mm per year to give higher yields. The ideal temperature for fruit production is between 18 °C and 24 °C, and the tree is killed by temperatures lower than -5 °C. It is able to grow in full sunlight and flowers and fruits year-round in ideal conditions (Duarte & Paull, 2015, pp. 117–123).

  Vegetative and Reproductive Morphology

  The lucuma tree is an evergreen that grows to heights of 8-15 m and has a dense crown with branches that produce white latex (Yahia, 2011). The leaves are clustered and spirally arranged in groups of 6-30 and 3.1-15 cm in size. They are oblanceolate to elliptic. The leaf apex is usually obtuse and rounded or slightly emarginate. The midrib is flat or slightly raised on the upper surface with 9-15 pairs of straight, parallel secondary veins. The petiole is 1.3-2 cm long and not channeled (Pennington, 1990). 
  Lucuma flowers are bisexual with 5 sepals. The pedicel is 0.8-2.1 cm long. The corolla is cylindrical at 1-1.8 cm long with 5 lobes 4-8mm long. There are 5 stamens fixed at the top of the corolla tube with filaments 1.5-2 mm long. The ovary is oblong to ovoid. The style is 0.8-1.5 cm long, exserted or equalling the corolla with a simple style-head (Pennington, 1990).
  The fruit is 6-12 cm long and ovoid or elliptical shaped with a pointed or depressed apex. The epicarp is greenish-yellow when ripe and the mesocarp is dry and orange/yellow. It often has 2 seeds, but 1 to 5 are possible. The seeds are round/oval and are dark brown with a glossy appearance (Yahia, 2011). 

  Historical Reports of Lucma

  The first written report of Lucuma occurred in 1531 in the Chinchasuyu region of Ecuador (Morton, 1987). A myth recorded in the Huarochiri manuscript  in the late 1600s includes lucuma as part of a creation myth (Columbus,1998). However, there is a clear legacy of the fruit’s importance to the native Peruvian and Ecuadorian people long before that. Plant remains have been found in native settlements in Chile dating back to 2500 AD. The quantity of remains suggests lucuma was once a staple in local diets (Cohen, 1978). Lucuma served as more than just food to these groups. Lucuma pottery was often buried with the ancient indigenous people of coastal Peru, the Nazca (600-200 BC) and Moche (100-700 AD) (Morton, 1987). These double spouted bottles made from four lucuma fruits represented fertility, both human and agricultural. The lucuma forms were tied to lactation, and the linked structure of four fruits is likely a reference to the different growing seasons (Elder, 2015).

  Domestication History

  Little is known about the domestication history of P. lucuma. There is some evidence it was actively cultivated by the Moche empire around 200 AD, who irrigated large numbers of trees for harvest (Pozorski, 1979). However, it is unclear if the tree was ever formally domesticated, as there are no obvious differences between ancient and modern P. lucuma specimens (Cohen, 1978). There do exist various cultivars today, which does suggest some selection, whether natural or artificial, for different traits in different geographic ranges. Many of the cultivars native to the Andes outside of Chile, Peru, and Ecuador are larger, drier, and less sweet than the more commercial cultivars. These fruits are astringent and not suitable for desserts. Rather, they are utilized as livestock feed (National Research Council, 1989).

  Cultivation Practices

  Cultivation of lucuma is concentrated in the Andean highland, but it is still cultivated in several other places, like Auckland in New Zealand and Arizona in the US, though often without much successful production of fruits. Lucuma requires higher elevation in tropical climates with medium rainfall and lower elevation in subtropics. It does not do well in hot tropical lowland areas. Since some non-native cultivated places lack water, such as Arizona, irrigation is required for the trees to grow well. 
  Lucuma's success rate of seed germination is low and slow, taking between about 25 and 40 days. Seedlings' juvenile period can take 7-15 years. When young, weed control is important, as growth in the first 2 years is slow. Pruning begins when young to form 3-4 well-spaced main scaffold branches that will open up the canopy. Thereafter branches longer than 30-40cm can be tipped to promote further branching. Pollination is by bees. Fruit takes 8-9 months to mature from pollination. Lucuma trees start producing fruit after 4 or 5 years, and tree flowers and fruits throughout the whole year. Ten-year-old trees can produce 200-300 fruit per year (Prolucuma, 2010). After mature fruit falls from the tree, they need several days to ripen before they are consumed. Fruit is considered ripe when the skin has changed in color from green to yellow and has begun to split to reveal the flesh inside (Lizana, 1980). Fruit is dry and mealy with consistency similar to that of a hard-boiled egg yolk. In Chile, the harvesting season for lucuma is from June through November. After harvesting, lucuma fruit can be stored at 7 °C without being affected (Sandoval, 1997). However, the fruit does not ship well, so it is often frozen or processed into a flour to be used as a dessert flavoring and shipped abroad.

  Nutritional Value

  Lucuma fruit is a good source of iron, zinc, calcium, fiber, minerals, β-carotene, and niacin (Yahia 2011). Fruits have significant high protein content and high insoluble dietary fiber, but relatively low vitamin C content. It has highest concentration of of anti-inflammatory polyphenols of any of the Peruvian fruits (Silva et al., 2009). The fruits high insoluble dietary fiber content is linked to prevention of gut diseases such as Colorectal polyp and to regulation of the digestive tract. The polyphenols in lucuma can act as antioxidants that can help prevent cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes (Silva et al., 2009). Lucuma fruit extraction contains a compound that behave as α-glucosidase inhibitors, which have a hypoglycemic effect and attenuate blood glucose level. Due to lucuma's high bioactive compound content and antioxidant and antihyperglycemic properties, lucuma will be able to become a functional food (Fuentealba et al., 2016). Lucuma nut oil promotes skin regeneration and accelerates wound healing. As a result, it may be used in medicine and skin care (Rojo et al., 2010).

  Human Experience

  Lucuma fruit is a natural sweetener. Before Europeans cultivated sugarcane, sugar was a luxurious good, so people chose natural sweetener as substitutions of sugar (Mintz, 1985). Lucuma fruit has a distinctive flavor that resembling caramel, butterscotch, or maple and can be used to flavor ice cream, yogurt, and other desserts (Ma et al., 2004). In Southern America,  lucuma fruit have been used as traditional for many years. In the future, humans are more likely to use lucuma as a natural alternative sweetener to sucrose and artificial sweeteners because of the low glycemic index of lucuma (Mérillon & Ramawat, 2018). Lucuma is dehydrated and milled into a flour but do not undergo refining processes, so high content of beneficial nutrients and bioactives are kept (Belščak-Cvitanović et al., 2015). Lucuma powder is popularly sold in the world because it is easy to be stored.

  Reference

  Belščak-Cvitanović, A., Komes, D., Dujmović, M., Karlović, S., Biškić, M., Brnčić, M. and Ježek, D. (2015) 'Physical, bioactive and sensory quality parameters of reduced sugar chocolates formulated with natural sweeteners as sucrose alternatives', Food Chemistry, 167, pp. 61-70. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.064.

  Cohen, M.N. (1978). Archaeological remains from the central coast of Peru, Ñawpa Pacha, 16:1, 23-50, DOI: 10.1179/naw.1978.16.1.003

  Columbus, C.K. (1998), Human Discourse about Nature; Nature's Processes as Discourse: The Pre-Columbian Peruvian Myth of Cavillaca. Anthropology of Consciousness, 9: 17-33. https://doi.org/10.1525/ac.1998.9.2-3.17

  de Faria, A. D., Pirani, J. R., Ribeiro, J. E. L. D. S., Nylinder, S., Terra-Araujo, M. H., Vieira, P. P., & Swenson, U. (2017). Towards a natural classification of Sapotaceae subfamily Chrysophylloideae in the Neotropics. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 185(1), 27–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/box042

  Duarte, O., & Paull, R. E. (2015). Exotic fruits and nuts of the New World (C. Hammond, E. McCann, & T. Head, Eds.). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780645056.0000

  Elder, C. (2015). Conjoined Lucuma fruit vessels: evolution and context in Nasca art. Master thesis. Virginia Commonwealth University. Richmond, Virginia.

  Fuentealba, C., Gálvez, L., Cobos A., Olaeta, J. A., Defilippi, B.G., Chirinos, R., Campos, D., Pedreschi, R. (2016). Characterization of main primary and secondary metabolites and in vitro antioxidant and antihyperglycemic properties in the mesocarp of three biotypes of Pouteria lucuma, Food Chemistry, Volume 190, Pages 403-411, ISSN 0308-8146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.111.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814615008559)

  Ericales. (n.d.). Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved May 14, 2022, from http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/ericalesweb.htm

  Ma, J., Yang, H., Basile, M.J. and Kennelly, E.J. (2004) 'Analysis of polyphenolic antioxidants from the fruits of three pouteria species by selected ion monitoring liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry', Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(19), pp. 5873-5878. doi: 10.1021/jf049950k.

  Mintz, Sidney Wilfred.(1985). Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History. New York: Penguin Group. Print.

  Morton, J. 1987. Lucmo. p. 405–406. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL.

  National Research Council. 1989. Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.  262-265. https://doi.org/10.17226/1398.

  Pennington, T. D. (1990). Sapotaceae. In Sapotaceae. Published for Organization for Flora Neotropica by the New York Botanical Garden.

  Pozorski, Shelia G.  (1979) Prehistoric diet and subsistence of the Moche Valley, Peru, World Archaeology, 11:2, 163-184, DOI: 10.1080/00438243.1979.9979759

  Proulx, D.A. (2008). Paracas and Nasca: Regional Cultures on the South Coast of Peru. In: Silverman, H., Isbell, W.H. (eds) The Handbook of South American Archaeology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74907-5_29

  Quilter, J. (1991). Late Preceramic Peru. Journal of World Prehistory, 5(4), 387–438. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25800604

  Rojo, Leonel & Villano, Caren & Joseph, Gili & Schmidt, Barbara & Shulaev, Vladimir & Shuman, Joel & Lila, Mary & Raskin, Ilya. (2010). Original Contribution: Wound‐healing properties of nut oil from Pouteria lucuma. Journal of cosmetic dermatology. 9. 185-95. 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2010.00509.x. 

  Swenson, U., & Anderberg, A. A. (2005). Phylogeny, character evolution, and classification of Sapotaceae (Ericales). Cladistics, 21(2), 101–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-0031.2005.00056.x

  Thulin, M., Marticorena, A., & Swenson, U. (2021). Molina’s species of Lucuma: Neotypifications and nomenclatural implications. Gayana. Botanica, 78(2), 162–171. https://doi.org/gayanabotanica.cl/index.php/gb/article/view/411

  Yahia, E. M. (2011). Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits: Cocona to Mango. In Postharvest Biology and Technology of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits (Vol. 4). Elsevier Science & Technology.

   

• 1 2022-05-23T07:19:29-07:00 Lorem Ipsum: The Fake Latin Text Substitute 7 Elementum facilisis leo vel fringilla est ullamcorper eget nulla facilisi etiam dignissim diam quis enim lobortis scelerisque fermentum dui faucibus in ornare quam viverra orci sagittis eu volutpat odio facilisis mauris sit amet massa vitae tortor condimentum lacinia quis vel eros donec ac odio tempor orci dapibus ultrices in iaculis nunc sed augue lacus viverra vitae congue eu consequat ac felis donec et odio pellentesque diam volutpat commodo sed egestas egestas fringilla phasellus faucibus scelerisque eleifend donec pretium vulputate sapien nec sagittis aliquam malesuada bibendum arcu vitae elementum curabitur vitae nunc sed velit dignissim sodales ut eu sem integer vitae justo eget magna fermentum iaculis eu non diam phasellus vestibulum lorem sed risus ultricies tristique nulla aliquet enim tortor at auctor urna nunc id cursus metus aliquam eleifend mi in nulla posuere sollicitudin aliquam ultrices sagittis orci a scelerisque purus semper eget duis at tellus at urna condimentum mattis pellentesque id nibh tortor id aliquet lectus proin nibh nisl condimentum id venenatis a condimentum vitae sapien pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas sed tempus urna et pharetra pharetra massa massa ultricies mi quis hendrerit dolor magna eget est lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas integer eget aliquet nibh praesent tristique magna sit amet purus gravida quis blandit turpis cursus in hac habitasse platea dictumst quisque sagittis purus sit amet volutpat consequat mauris nunc congue nisi vitae suscipit tellus. By Lorem Ipsum #lorem #ipsum plain 2022-05-23T10:56:52-07:00

  Section

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  Heading

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  References

  Turpis massa tincidunt dui ut ornare. Mattis enim ut tellus elementum sagittis vitae et leo. Faucibus a pellentesque sit amet porttitor eget dolor. In dictum non consectetur a erat nam. Urna porttitor rhoncus dolor purus non enim praesent elementum. Adipiscing at in tellus integer feugiat scelerisque. Massa tincidunt nunc pulvinar sapien et ligula.
  
  Turpis massa tincidunt dui ut ornare. Mattis enim ut tellus elementum sagittis vitae et leo. Faucibus a pellentesque sit amet porttitor eget dolor. In dictum non consectetur a erat nam. Urna porttitor rhoncus dolor purus non enim praesent elementum. Adipiscing at in tellus integer feugiat scelerisque. Massa tincidunt nunc pulvinar sapien et ligula.
  
  Turpis massa tincidunt dui ut ornare. Mattis enim ut tellus elementum sagittis vitae et leo. Faucibus a pellentesque sit amet porttitor eget dolor. In dictum non consectetur a erat nam. Urna porttitor rhoncus dolor purus non enim praesent elementum. Adipiscing at in tellus integer feugiat scelerisque. Massa tincidunt nunc pulvinar sapien et ligula.