Agency through Otherness: Portraits of Performers in Circus Route Books, 1875-1925

The Black Circus & The Multiplicity of Gazes

Forced into the annex, squeezed into the crime portions of the newspapers, and forbidden from secret societies, African Americans created their own spaces. In addition to the Black press and Black fraternal organizations, Black Americans began to created their own circuses in the 1900s, having created their own fairs starting in the 1870s.

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