Agency through Otherness: Portraits of Performers in Circus Route Books, 1875-1925

Linfors, Adams, Wittmann, and Davis

Barnth LinforsEarly African Entertainments Abroad : from the Hottentot Venus to Africa’s First Olympians (Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2014). 

Adams, Rachel. Sideshow U.S.A.: Freaks and the American Cultural Imagination. (University of Chicago Press, 2009).


Matthew Wittmann, Circus and the City: New York, 1793-2010 (New York, NY: Bard Graduate Center, 2012).

Janet M. Davis, The Circus Age: Culture & Society Under the American Big Top (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2002); and Janet M. Davis, “The Circus Americanized,” in The American Circus, ed. Susan Weber, Kenneth Ames, and Matthew Wittmann (New York, NY: Bard Graduate Center, 2012), 23-51.

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