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Exploding Tongues: Language, Art, and the Russian Avant-garde

Kruchenykh, A, and Khlebnikov, V. MirsKONtsa (WorldBACKwards), 1912 (cover)

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Dyr bul shchyl and the Dominant Debate over the importance of oral and handwritten components of poetry surfaced among art and literary scholars who examined the works of the Russian avant garde. Centered on the poetry included in handmade books such as Vzorval’ and Mirskontsa, scholars sought to establish a theory over a balance in the oral qualities of the poetry versus the handwritten visual design of the poems and books themselves. In terms of poetic language within these handmade books of the Russian avant garde, Gerald Janecek cites the handwriting and drawing as the important visual elements in the creation of the poems. On the other hand, Johanna Drucker’s insight into these works focuses on the qualities of the printed text instead. However, both authors evidently focus on the printed text of the poem, not its oral qualities. In order to understand the ruling force behind the creation of these works and the importance of their oral components, we can look to Yury Tynyanov’s theory of the Dominant to decipher this puzzle. Lastly, we will see that not only was the oral the preferred element, but various works also challenged our understanding of the visual in art.

As a vital component to Russian Formalist theory, the Dominant is the ruling force of an artistic work. According to Roman Jakobson's description of the Dominant, each type of work holds a system of values, which are organized into a hierarchy. The time period determines which of these values is at the top of the hierarchy, thus becoming the “dominant” feature of a work. Furthermore, one established dominant form that existed during the era of the Russian avant-garde was the textual, which began with the rise of the novel as a literary form during the Romantic period and through the poetry of Pushkin. Ultimately, the dominant can help uncover which is more important, vocal or written.

When asked to explain Anna Karenina, Tolstoy replied that he would have to re-write the whole book, exactly the same. This is to say, there is no reduction of the novel's textual form. The Romantic period created a cascade of literary styles that were focused on the individual as a subject experiencing the world. This experience through text established the dominant form of literature present in the early 20^th century and still today.

In terms of the Russian avant-garde, the works of Kruchenyk and Khlebnikov best exemplify the ambiguity between oral and visual elements of poetry. The poem “Akhmet” from Mirskontsa exemplifies the intertwining of these different values within their poems. The different qualities of the poetry, oral and visual, are at odds with each other when attempting to assign meaning to the works.

However, Kruchenyk's Dyr bul shchyl gives us insight into which of these competing poetic qualities is more important. The poem itself has at least three different textual forms created by the author, all quite different in their appearance. With this many inconsistent variants of the poem, it suggests that the textual aspect is not the dominant feature of the poem. Instead, sound has become the dominant feature of this first instance of Zaum poetry.

According to Jakobson, cultural change reflects itself through a re-ordering of values in artistic works, therefore asserting a new dominant. Pre-dating the Russian avant-garde was the so-called "Golden Age" of Russian literature. The 19th century saw the rise and acclaim of novelists and poets such as Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Pushkin, who remain as some of Russia's most celebrated writers. Their literary dominance, as well as the influence of the Romantic era in general, made the textual form the dominant aspect of the era.

However, the dominant form was changing amongst the Russian avant-garde. Starting in 1913, Alexei Kruchenyk authored at least three different versions of his Zaum poem Dyr bul shchyl. These three versions had varied textual presentations, sourced from the same author. The first appeared in his book Pomada in 1913. This version included an illustration of a nude woman by Mikhail Larionov, which aids to the poems’s “monosyllabic, primordial, and erotic sounds,” as described by Nancy Perloff. (Explodity, Getty Publications, 2016. pg. 75)

Furthermore, Kruchenyk asserts before the poem that Dyr bul shchyl is a work that is written “in its own language, the words have no other meaning.” However, the first word “Дыр” is actually a Russian word, being the genitive plural form of “holes.” The rest of the poem does not contain any known word forms from the Russian language, falling in line with Kruchenyk’s assertion of the poem containing its own language.

A second version was produced in the book Te li le, a written collaborative effort by Kruchenyk and Khlebnikov, illustrated by Olga Rozanova. This version of Dyr bul schul from 1914 is the richest of the three in color and is the only one to have a feminine creative influence, as Rozanova was deemed responsible for its creation. Some of the letters in this version are heavily faded on the page, which resulted in a different first reading for the class and myself. Despite this, the oral qualities of the original first printing of the work remain.

Lastly, in his 1913 essay The Word as Such (Слово как таковое), Kruchenyk printed yet another version of the poem to use as an example in the work. It is devoid of illustration and any handwritten creation, existing only in print on the page. The type in this version actually ends up further asserting the poem's oral qualities above all else.

Overall, the only things that are consistent between these three variations of Dyr bul shchyl are the authorship and the sounds of the recitation of the poem itself. The three printed versions of Kruchenyk's poem leave us unable to pin down a singular "stable" text, but maintain the same phonetic qualities in all three. This should lead us to acknowledge sound as the Dominant force of Kruchenyk's poem, rather than its textual, artistic, and physical elements.

Kruchenyk was not alone in his reorganization of traditional artistic values in the era of the Russian avant garde. Other artists of the same time period allowed their works to uphold a different dominant feature, and also contributed to undermining the concept of the visual in art. One example of this is Alexander Rodchenko’s photograph of his own apartment building.

While photography usually does not contain oral elements in its creation, Rodchenko is clearly toying with our expectations of normal visual understanding. The photo is tilted on a different axis, giving the viewer a radical perspective of an ordinary, familiar construction. Most photography is level with the eye, creating a representation similar to human vision. This leveled orientation, in my opinion, is the dominant hierarchical feature of photography in other works. It also serves in making us question the visual medium in all sources of art.

Similar to Rodchenko, Kazimir Malevich’s Black Square and its associated artistic movement, Suprematism, reflect a reordering into a new hierarchy of dominance. The painting, now cracked from age, attempts to represent the purest form of a geometric shape.

Such assertions about purity and perfection might be comparable to the still life or trompe l’oeil movements in art. Rather than depicting the real world, the Black Square reaches towards an abstract perfect form of the square. Since traditional depictions of perfection consisted of physical objects, Malevich’s painting causes his audience to reflect on the geometry and abstract shapes which make up our world.

Not only do the poems of the Russian avant garde mark the importance of the vocal, auditory qualities as dominant, but purely visual works challenge our sense of sight and our preconceived notions of art. Overall, there exists a reduction in the visual, textual form, that rules over most other artistic and literary movements. The significance of this move has primordial overtones. Before writing systems, geometry, and even language itself, there was only sound. Perhaps this is what the Russian avant garde hoped to achieve: humans envisioning a world without systematic human imposition on all things.
Mirskontsa as Event The occasion for an Event, as philosopher Alain Badiou renders, is generally silent, hyper-localized, and only recognized as such retrospectively; indeed, the insertion of a new problematic (a Third Term) into the dialectics of everyday life can be so cacophonous that it can function at the level of white noise in its immediate present. While by no means the first handmade book in the Russian Avant Garde, Mirskonsta functions as an emblematic text for the genre-- both because of its literary composition/focus and its physical composition. Crafted in concert by poets Velimir Khlebnikov and Alexi Kruchenykh with the painter Natailia Goncharova, Mirskontsa demonstrated the uncanny representation across a text of bodies, poetry, and natural entities. Indeed, this moment in time was characterized as an Explodity!-- an occasion for the enter evacuation of all previous knowledges in the wake of a monstrous influx of alternative formations.

Small, unevenly cut, and on the cusp of imagining new articulations of representation, Mirskontsa offers a special blend of content. From its nondescript but jarring figures, to its classical odes, Mirskontsa positions readers within a new relation to the text through the instantiation of multiple layers of conscious poetics. That is to say, by simultaneously (and immediately) locating alternative poetic formations, classical and personalized characters, and Rayonistic scenes, Mirskontsa bursts apart with literary life.

Mirskontsa offers an analytic inasmuch as it offers a book. Where Mirskontsa directs, we must follow. Consistent with variations of Pyotr Ouspensky's theory of the fourth dimension and Roman Jakobson's re-vitalization of Sausserian linguistic practices, Mirskontsa begs the question of meaning-making across and upon a text, not simply in its narrative. In this way, it is possible to consider the hand-made quality of the text as an important signifier for the completion of the sound-shape image of the a book written 'backwards.'

Whereas Ouspensky focused on the more simplistic four-dimensional model, Jakobson would argue that language functions from a six-dimensional world-being: Referentials, Poetics, Affect, Conates, Phatics, and Metalinguistics. An instructive moment, the unconscious deployment of these handmade texts served as the pedagogical materials for a new engagement with knowledge, perception, and being.

While not directly involved in the production of Mirskonsta, Kazimir Malevich demonstrated this Futurist aesthetic across this modality in his costumes for the opera Victory Over the Sun. This Futurist opera contributes to the theory of a four-dimensional literary-linguistic experience in that, from its theme of the re-valuation of values to its jarringly morphed costumes, a consideration of the simultaneity of play and history could be evaluated. In plain terms, this opera's production and material components offer a directing question: The Future (the aforementioned 'Victory') is happening in Russia at the same moment the play is being produced and performed, with actors (in real life and on stage) repeating their performances across the audience of time.
Utopians, Prospectus!: tentative explorations of Russian Avant-garde art, literature and book arts Students in CSLC 134 / RUSN 334 identified topics of interest within the Russian Avant-garde for further individual research. They worked in Lab section once a week with Scalar developer and Oxy's Mellon Research Fellow, Craig Dietrich, to master fundamental skills for managing media content, and critical visual analysis of cultural artifacts using Scalar's Annotation Tool, text input, formatting, and metadata fields. Students experimented with layouts and display modes best suited for oral presentation.

This preliminary assignment applied analytical approaches developed in lecture and discussion to a web-based scholarly medium. Working with Dietrich, students gained an insider's view of a scholarly tool in progressive evolution, and grappled with the unique affordances of Scalar as a "tool to think with." The Russian Avant-garde, and particularly the materials of focused study from Perloff's Explodity, such as Mirskontsa (Worldbackwards) and Pomada (Pomade), provided numerous liberating conceptual metaphors for methodological innovation in ways of seeing art and literature: abstracted, trans-rationally, simultaneously, backwards, upside-down, non-Euclidean, rotated, contra-Gutenberg, etc. Ideas from the subject matter of the course, in other words, informed the students' developing methods of critical analysis.

"Prospectus!" projects provided a benchmark work product for identifying students' baseline "visual information literacy" proficiencies. Formative assessment in a media-rich research curriculum with significant technology integration and collaborative project work is critical to address unique challenges for each student early enough in the semester to ensure a coherent final work product. Research using web-based visual materials often defaults to a Google Image search as the first step in a process. Subsequent inquiry was redirected back to the Getty Research Institute's rich trove of visual materials related to the Russian Futurist books.
Student Projects