Elijah's Manna box
1 2016-10-25T07:14:42-07:00 Blake Hatton 668ed8e064332293f5252d57bb106581fc79a416 11860 2 Elijah's Manna Package, ca. 1905 plain 2016-12-01T15:21:52-08:00 Blake Hatton 668ed8e064332293f5252d57bb106581fc79a416This page is referenced by:
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Post Cereal
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2021-02-24T11:32:57-08:00
The Postum Cereal Company was the brain child of Charles William Post. Post's biography is almost completely opposite to John Kellogg's. Post did not excel in school due to a lack of interest, and after just two years he dropped out to join the Springfield Zouaves. He eventually left the Zouaves as well, and after heading to Texas to try his hand at being a cowhand and opening a hardware store in Kansas (and failing at both) headed back to his hometown to marry and become a traveling salesman for a corn planter company. Once more, Post grew restless and quit his traveling salesman job to go into business for himself. He set about attempting to create a career for himself inventing, creating a seed planter, a bicycle, and a player piano among other things in the process. Eventually he suffered a nervous breakdown and found himself unable to work for months, a period of time that saw his business ventures fail once more. Ever persistent, however, Post found himself back on his feet, and shortly afterwards, once again in extremely poor health after a campaign for a type of suspenders he invented failed spectacularly[1].
Post's poor health found him seeking treatment, and hearing of the many success stories that came out of Battle Creek, a frail Post found himself at the doors of Kellogg's Sanitarium[2]. Unfortunately, Kellogg's many "cures" failed for Post. The daily enemas, light baths, and diet changes did little to aid Post, whose continuously declining health led Kellogg to gravely inform Post's wife, Ella, that he was certain to die. Kellogg's bleakness in his prognosis combined with the astronomical rates that Kellogg charged for his services and the depletion of the family's available funds led Post's wife to promptly wheel him out of the Sanitarium [3].
Ella Post took C.W. to a woman named Elizabeth Gregory, who was a close follower of Christian Science and Mary Baker Eddy. Upon C.W.'s arrival to her home, she began to minister to Post in the Christian Scientist style. Miraculously, Post's health began to return that very night. He woke up the next morning, ate a large breakfast, and marked the event with the saying "I am well!"[4]. Two years later, in 1893, he wrote a book titled "I Am Well!" The Modern Practice of Natural Suggestion as Distinct from Hypnotic and Unnatural Influence. Post decided also decided to open a sanitarium to rival Kellogg's: it would provide similar care, but with more focus on positive thinking, and would also be much, much cheaper than Kellogg's resort[5]. Post called it La Vita Inn but unlike Kellogg, Post looked to improve his patients' health with more positive thought, and served more meat than Kellogg did at his resort.
Post especially liked one food served at Kellogg's sanitarium, a beverage known as "caramel coffee", a cereal based coffee substitute consisting of roasted wheat and molasses. Before Post had opened his own sanitarium, he had offered to commercially market the beverage for Kellogg, an offer Kellogg refused. Post then began to devise his own version of the beverage, hiring a Swiss chemist to design the recipe[6]. Post sank large amounts of money into the effort, and was completely dissatisfied with the results, so he decided to find the recipe himself, an effort that bought him success. He called the beverage "Postum", and began to sell it commercially in 1895 through the Postum Cereal Coffee Company[7]. Post's fledgling cereal business was about to explode. Post began to heavily market Postum and began to sell vast quantities of the product. His advertisements claimed that the drink would build strength and be easier on the system- one ad simply stated "If Coffee Don't Agree, Use Postum"[8].
Postum was a success, and Post looked to follow that success with another coffee substitute. He created Grape Nuts in 1898 as such an item[9]. The mysterious name for the cereal, which contains neither grapes nor nuts, came from its ingredients and its taste: Maltose, which Post called "grape sugar", and the nutty flavor of the cereal. Unfortunately, Grape Nuts didn't sell well- until Post decided to sell it as a cold breakfast food instead. Post marketed Grape Nuts with the same intensity as he had Postum, and marketed it heavily as a brain food, claiming it made the brains and nerves healthy. Grape Nuts became immensely popular and bought Post immense wealth.
Unfortunately, the breakfast cereal market, new and exciting as it was, was rife with imitators. Exactly like the Kellogg brothers, Post found his products imitated by other other companies. In the case of his signature drink Postum, Post created an imitation brand himself. He called it Monk's Brew, and sold it for a fraction of the cost of Postum, driving his competitors out of business[10]. Post wasn't above imitating other companies either though. Post created Elijah's Manna, an imitation of Kellogg's corn flakes. The box featured a picture of the Biblical Elijah being fed by a raven. The product infuriated the churchgoing public, who insisted that Post cease taking Elijah's name in vain. Post soon changed the cereal to Post Toasties.
Eventually, the marketing efforts of the cereal companies, especially Post's, grew too incredible in their claims. Grape Nuts, which had also been marketed as a way to keep a person's body temperature down when it got too high and easy on the body to digest, was marketed as a cure for appendicitis: Ads for the cereal recommended consuming large amounts of the product to flush out the intestines, which would cure the ailment. Advertisements also recommended the regular consumption of the cereal as a preventative measure.
In 1911, Collier's Weekly, the renowned muckraking publication, refused to run any ads for Post's company on the grounds that as a result of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, they would no longer publish any ads for medicine or products that purported themselves to have a medicinal effect[11]. The magazine also reportedly allowed the editor to refuse any advertisements that he thought made extravagant and unreasonable claims. Collier's later published an editorial stating (quite correctly) that the implication that Grape Nuts could ward off appendicitis was not only false, but potentially deadly[12]. The feud between the Postum company and Collier's Weekly that followed was extremely hostile and bitter. Post began to ran advertisements smearing the publication, indicating that the reason his advertisements were removed from the magazine and the editorial claiming that the editorial claiming the consumption of Grape Nuts during a bought of appendicitis had potentially deadly consequences was that he refused to pay extra advertising money to Collier's. Essentially, he was accusing Collier's Weekly of blackmail and spent 150,000 dollars on the campaign. The advertisement, sporting the headline "The Yell-Oh Man and One of His Ways" outlined Post's claims against Collier's. Post was soon sued for libel, in a court case that became long and bitter as Collier's attacked Post and his company for their false claims. The magazine especially pressed Post on the use of his testimonials in advertisements, which he claimed in court were unsolicited. As it turned out though, Post had solicited his testimonials, offering money for stories from people who claimed to be healed of ailments by consuming Post's products. What's more, none of the testimonials were investigated for truthfulness before being placed in advertisements, and none of the testimonials published in the advertisements were published as is- they had all been rewritten prior to their publishing. Post lost the libel suit, and Collier's was awarded 50,000 dollars, a then unprecedented amount. Unfortunately, Post would not live very long after the court decision. In 1913 his health declined sharply, and he sank into a deep depression and on May 9, 1914, Charles William Post committed suicide with a gunshot to the head[13]. He was 59 years old and left an enormous fortune to his daughter, who inherited the company. The vast Post fortune had been built on only four products: Postum, Instant Postum, Post Toasties, and Grape Nuts. The fact that Post was able to amass such wealth on such a limited range was a true testament to his advertising prowess. -
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There's a Reason- Breakfast Cereal and its Non-Breakfast Implications
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The breakfast cereal revolution was not a self contained event. The advent and rush of breakfast cereals to the market had far reaching implications for the rest of American food and industry. The first was the way that breakfast cereal was sold- its packaging. Prior to the breakfast cereal revolution, food was sold unpackaged and by weight[1]. An individual would enter the store, ask for a certain amount of an item, and the shopkeeper would weigh out the amount. Foods sold like this were open and exposed to the air and contamination. Insects, mold, and even the shopkeeper could contaminate the food, making it not only unsafe but unpleasant to eat. Exposure to the air also meant that foods meant to stay dry and crisp went soggy and stale very quickly. The problem was solved by packaging the food items in their own individual containers. James Caleb Jackson's Granula had it's own packaging and came in a tin, but the practice did not come into its own until Henry Crowell and his contemporaries began to sell their cereal. Henry Crowell, the man behind Quaker Oats, sold his oats in round cardboard packages, and both Post and Kellogg's companies sold their cereal in cardboard boxes- Kellogg's called theirs "wax-tite" and featured it in their advertising campaigns. The sale of cereal in packages came at a time when food purity was a high priority of the American public, and the packaging of the foods in boxes that kept them safe from outside contamination proved to be a boon not only for breakfast cereal, but for the food industry as a whole[2].
Breakfast cereal also heralded a revolution in marketing. The individual packaging that cereal was sold in provided a free space for advertising and company logos. Kellogg's boxes featured W.K. Kellogg's signature. Quaker Oat containers featured a picture of a generic Quaker man. Elijah's Manna, the cereal manufactured by Post that would become Post Toasties, originally featured a picture of the biblical Elijah being fed by a raven. Breakfast marketing campaigns also made use of premiums, items that customers could receive from the company for purchasing their products. By far the most popular of these items was the "Funny Jungleland Moving Picture Booklet", a booklet aimed at children that featured pictures of animals cut up into pieces that the children could move around and recombine to their heart's content. Customers could receive the booklet after purchasing two boxes of corn flakes, and Kellogg’s gave away over 40 million of them between 1909 and 1933.
While Kellogg's was certainly successful in their marketing attempts, the true master of breakfast cereal advertising (and even the grandfather of American advertising as a whole[4]) was C.W. Post. Prior to Post's advertising revolution, advertising was a relatively frowned upon practice. As the book Cerealizing America: The Unsweetened Story of American Breakfast Cereal states, "In the late nineteenth century, respectable men of finance viewed advertising as little more than legalized gambling.'.[5]" The reputation of advertising was that it unfairly manipulated the public into buying products based on potentially dishonest terms. Post, however, had no such qualms and began to relentlessly advertise in papers and other publications. Post's advertisements, which bought him wild success, opened the floodgates for a myriad of other companies to advertise their products and begin reaping the benefits. Post's advertisements also excelled in convincing potential buyers that they had illnesses and ailments they knew nothing of, for which his products were the cure. Post invented ailments such as "brain fag", "coffee heart", and "coffee neuralgia"[6]. His ads for Postum demonized coffee, calling it poisonous and hazardous to one's health, and others grouped it along with truly hazardous substances such as cocaine and morphine. Postum advertisements also claimed that the lack of caffeine would aid in sleep for the consumer.
Breakfast cereal helped revolutionized the regulation of advertising as quickly as it revolutionized advertising itself. Post had been advertising Grape Nuts as being more nutritious than another known food. First, the advertisements claimed that the body derived more nourishment from Grape Nuts than from 10 times as much of any other type of food. In 1904, several states published studies on Grape Nuts, showing it to be about as nutritious as oatmeal. Post quickly changed his advertisements, claiming instead that the body derived more nutrition from Grape Nuts than from an equal amount of any other food. With the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, however, required truthful labeling of foods and Grape Nuts advertisements ceased such claims, especially after Post was sued for libel by Collier’s Weekly.
The wildly successful grain based breakfast cereals also had an effect on another aspect of American food culture: meat production. The success of Corn Flakes and Grape Nuts- corn and wheat based cereals, respectively- meant an increased demand for the grains. Conversely, since Americans were switching en masse to ready to eat cereal for breakfast from heavier meat based breakfasts, demand for meat declined[8]. Farmers began to switch from growing cows, pigs, and sheep to wheat and corn. The decline was so sharp that a New York Times article published July 25, 1909 titled "How the Breakfast Foods are Absorbing the Cattle Ranges of the West" predicted that the American working class would have to give up meat entirely since low supply made it scarce and high demand made it expensive[9]. Breakfast cereal also heralded an increased demand for milk, helping lead to better sterilization and increased consumption of the liquid.
