1) Before Capitalist Incorporation

-Ottoman order was constructed onto Byzantine order, not feudal. small peasantry stayed intact. no slavery or serfdom. 
-Byzantine land code: protect peasants' landed and other property, use village as communal unit for taxation. 
-Ottoman centralisation 3 centuries later restored basic contours of Land Code. 
-later half of 19th century restoration of agrarian structure.
-Dispersed agricultural producers required parallel dispersion of mercantile activity. 

2) The Process of Peripheralisation

-Tanzimat socialization took small holding peasants as an ideal. 
-No arisotracy, everything based on bureaucratic position.
-Civil bureaucracy differentiated itself from religious officials in 18th century. 
-Trade convention with England 1838 started Ottoman financial integreation with European system. 
- Bureaucracy threatened by growth of bourgeoisie as christian intermediary class. 
-Bureaucracy emerged as paternalistic defender of a normative social order while the public debt administration represented the rule of the market. 
-important to distinguish between merchant capital (local labour for commoddities) and productive capital (purely monetary)
-Proletarianisation was unlikely because defended by bureaucracy, reluctance to sell land ownership to foreigners, and small holdings.
-No disposessed peasantry as a free proletariat. 
-Foreign capital remained limited to trade-related activities. 

3) The Young Turk Restoration

-Bureaucrats' how life depended on state, so were all completely wrapped up in state-centered perspective. 
-Young Turks could take over state mechanism but did not have a manufacturing bourgeoisie whose interests could be served through the construction of a national economy. 
-When the CUP took power they had not discovered the social group whose interests would provide an orientation for future policies. They tried to safeguard the centrality of state power, it was this, not ideological consistency, which informed policies. 
-CUP ascension occasioned blossoming of christian art and culture. But bourgeois freedoms was not assimilated by perspectives of the ruling class in a state-centric empire. 
-Started to distrust christians especially after the Balkan wars. This is what left towards policy of Turkish nationalism. 
-Bureaucracy established itself on top during WWI. Could have have been a class controlling the productive structure, but class struggle with the bourgeoisie was displaced ideologically to ethnic and religious conflict. 
-Settled on Muslim merchants as class to back. 
-Christian minorities eliminated by 1924, 90% of the pre-war bourgeoisie. 

4) Looking for the Missing Bourgeoisie 

-Islamic Ottomanism out after 'Arab betrayal', Turks aligned with Soviets, Anatolia became ideoligcal focus, attack by Greeks helped to unify the military-bureaucratic class. 
-Power shifted from Istanbul to Ankara after parlimentary elections. 
-Any changes would have to be around edges of relationship between bureaucracy and independent peasantry. 
-no capitalism in agriculture, christian merchants refused Ottoman state  


5) State and Capital
6) Populism and Democracy
7) The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialisation
8) Crisis Dynamics
9) The Impossible Rise of Bourgeois Ideology
10) Conclusion as Epilogue