Birka Axe
Norse produced the tools from iron collected from bogs. Natural processes created iron deposits that were available for harvest by Scandinavians in those areas.[2] In addition, some vikings were able to mine iron ore from the earth directly. The whole process was time-consuming and required expertise, despite its ubiquity. Once collected, the iron was roasted to remove impurities and the actual smithing process took place using a clay or clay-lined furnace.[3]
This axe has a wide semi-circular edge, a little less than a foot in width at its widest part, and thins to the head of the axe that is a few inches in length. The handle is not present; it was probably made of a more easily degradable material like wood, unlike the iron. The location of this axe is of particular importance. Birka was founded sometime during the 8th century, the center is regarded as the oldest town in Scandinavia.[4] It remained active until the 11th century, the artifact is from sometime during this period.
Viking era axes have been classified into typology to further distinguish their uses and construction. This particular axe, with its wide curved edge, thin blade, and small head is similar to type M of Petersen’s typology scheme. Also called a Dane or Danish Axe, it was popular throughout Scandinavia and many other parts of Europe.[5] This type was commonly used in warfare and has been found in over a dozen graves in Scandinavia.[6] These graves often included items of high status indicating that the axe was important to the upper class or at least the warrior class. Either way, its presence at Birka doesn’t mean that Birka was subject to raids and warfare. The fact that Birka was such an important trading center, coupled with the wide appeal of this type of the object means that it is more likely that this axe came to Birka to be traded.
