This site requires Javascript to be turned on. Please enable Javascript and reload the page.

Digital History Seminar: 20th Century Spain

Bolchevismo, injusticia social, politicastros, masones, separatismo, F.A.I.

This page has annotations:

Contents of this annotation:
1. Bolchevismo, injusticia social, politicastros, masones, separatismo, F.A.I.
Contents of this annotation:
1. Bolchevismo, injusticia social, politicastros, masones, separatismo, F.A.I.
Contents of this annotation:
1. Bolchevismo, injusticia social, politicastros, masones, separatismo, F.A.I.

This page has tags:

Contents of this tag:
2. Asistencia social: pro inválidos
3. Tragedy of Civil War (1937)
4. Ajut als mutilats de guerra
5. Messerschmitt BF 109B1
6. Bombardement Guernica - Cinémathèque de Bretagne
8. Madge Addy March 2nd, 1939 Letters In another one of her letters from March 1939 she would describe their need for certain donations from the Spanish Medical Aid Committee. In one she specifically talks about how they had received 600 men that were wounded and most needed clothing. Because of the supplies sent by the Committee they were not in such a dire need for supplies that they would have been in previously had they not received the supplies. In another section of her letter from March 2nd, 1939 she describes a surgery for a man who was suffering from hemorrhages in his stomach. The doctor had to perform a three hour long surgery due to the fact that this was one of the first times that the doctor had attempted this kind of surgery and lack of better materials. The only had three needles available for the operation. The problem occured when three quarters of the way through the surgery the spinal anesthetic wore off because it was “rotten.” The result of this was that the doctor had to finish the surgery while he was awake. Later on she mentions that she hopes he will recover and that the odd tins of milk and soups they received would help his exhaustion and shock sustained after the surgery. Addy speaks very fondly of those that she was able to help during her time in Spain. She feels better knowing that the people whose lives she impacted will never forget their English nurse.
9. Obrero! Trabaja Y Venceremos
10. ¡MUJER...! Tu felicidad conyugal está en tus manos.
11. Bolchevismo, injusticia social, politicastros, masones, separatismo, F.A.I.
12. Revista Vientos del Pozo: número extraordinario homenaje al Padre Llanos
13. Que Tu Familia No Viva el Drama de la Guerra: Evacuar Madrid es Ayudar a la Victoria Final
16. Congreso nacional de la solidaridad, 1938- Ana Pauker
19. Pro-conferencia nacional de la dona jove
20. Letter from Juan F. de Cardenas
21. One Hundred Years of Solitude
22. Women! Keep War From Britain: Support Spanish Democrats
23. Madge Addy March 14th, 1939 Page 1 On March 14th, 1939 Addy talks about how she almost had to leave due to an order from England to return. Addy describes how depressed the idea of leaving would have made her. She had worked very hard and would have felt terrible to leave at that time. She had to pack her things and gave most of what she could away to those who still needed it. Fortunately she was able to stay and explain through rare telecommunication that she would feel much better in Ucles. Her duty to the hospital and to Ucles kept her from wanting to be anywhere else. Many people were overjoyed that she could remain with them. At the end of the letter she describes how Juan, the man who had to undergo the horrible surgery mentioned previously, was doing much better.
24. February 1939 - Spain - Barcelona - Associated Press of Great Britain Ltd
25. Madrid Food Line
26. Episode 16- Food Scarcity and Women's Daily Lives in the Early Franco Years Audio Podcast by Historias on SoundCloud discussing the Franco Dictatorship. Immediately following the Spanish Civil War, Spain faced a terrible food crisis. Suzanne Dunai examines how the policies of the early Franco dictatorship brought on this crisis and how ordinary Spaniards, particularly women, dealt with it on a day-to-day basis. From ration cards to bartering, from canning to buying on the black market, Spanish women showed a remarkable resilience as they sought to feed their families in this time of devastating scarcity.
28. Evacuación
30. Arroyo del Abroñigal
32. Felicia Browne's Anti-Fascism poster for Italy.
33. El Generalisimo Francisco Franco Todavía esta Muerto
34. Pro monumento Pablo Iglesias
36. Sketch of Men's faces from 1936.
37. The Ultraleftist / El Izquierdista
38. Hacia El Ejercito Popular
39. Evacuad Madrid
40. Francisco Franco's Funeral
41. Photo of Four People in Front of Supplies or Medical Van Including Felicia Browne
42. Children's Drawing of Bombing
44. Women, Work for Comrades!
45. María Pilar Landa
46. Mujeres Antifacistas Espanioles
47. Franco Statue Removal
48. January 1937 - Spain - Madrid - Associated Press of Great Britain Ltd.
50. ¡Esto es el fascismo! miseria... destrucción... persecución... y muerte
51. Repatriation of Basque Children
52. Felicia Browne holding a child
53. Poema 17
54. Madge Addy March 14th, 1939 Page 2 These are the last paragraphs of Addy’s letter from March 14th, 1939. She talks again about how she hopes the people she has helped will never forget their English nurse. When thinking about her time in Spain she feels she has accomplished so much and saved many lives. She has made her doctor’s actions effective with her hard work. Even the villagers who she describes as a bad lot now respect her and talk to her sometimes.
55. C.N.T. Comité Nacional A.I.T., Oficina de Información y Propaganda
56. Federació de Cooperatives de Producció Treball de Catalunya
57. Book Jacket created by Felicia Browne for Anatole France's "The Revolt of the Angels."
59. Criminales!
60. Frederica Montseny speaking at CNT in 1977
63. Carteles Murales
64. La marina de guerra inglesa y francesa protegen la evacuación de la población no combatiente.
65. January 1940 - England - Middlesex
66. Por la conquista de Euskadi y sus riquezas, el invasor siembra el terror haciendo qur sus pacíficos habitants abandonen sus hogares.
67. Spanish Republican News
68. Children's Drawing, Spanish Civil War
69. Sisters of Mercy Arrive to Help Feed Hungry Residents of Madrid
70. Kion vi feras por eviti tion? Geesperantistoj el la tuta mondo agu energie kontrau la internacia fasismo!
71. Fascist Salute
72. The Republican Left Thank the Russian People for Help (1937)

This page is referenced by:

Culture of Repression With the rise of Francisco Franco to power, repression became a daily part of Spanish life. Repression can take many forms, but perhaps one of the longest lasting and highly visible is the presence of monuments. In the Catalan region, Spanish citizens saw multiple monuments rise up in and around their state. Exactly how monuments work as an instrument of repression involves interpreting the message these monuments are meant to convey. It's also important to understand that the same message was not meant to be universally received, as the monuments held a different message to the war's victors and supporters of the new regime.

-How/why does location matter, if it matters at all?
-Resources for map are pretty limited to Catalan. Should this influence the exhibit overall?
-Images for some monument locations aren't from the best of sources. Might be lacking accurate metadata.

Nationwide, monuments throughout Spain were marketed as a tool of rememberence while also being used as a means of repressing Loyalists sentiment and promoting the state's newly desired narrative for the war. This map largely focuses on monuments from the Catalan region, and helps to both ask and answer the question of why this region in particular might have been subject to a high number of memorials.

The political climate in Catalan prior to the war was far from that Franco would find agreeable. It was a home to some communist organizations, anarchists, socialists, and those who felt the Catalan ethnic group had a right to their own state. Ideas of this nature conflicted with the more socially rigid and politically conservative nature of the regime. Catalan had also fought fiercely against the fascists during the war, and the dictatorship was all too aware that those passions and tensions waited below the surface.

By reminding those loyal to the Republic of the Nationalists victory without giving acknowledgement to the loyalist losses themselves, spirits already damaged by war could in theory be broken. The people of Catalonia had been defeated militarily. Monuments at the places of their defeat would make sure they did not forget. More importantly, monuments dedicated to the victors would ensure they did not forget who they had lost the war to.

Monuments were often devoted specifically to the dead of the Nationalist side of the war, disregarding the lives lost in defense of the Republic. By choosing to remember the events and tragedies of the war in this manner, the new fascist regime was able to exact control over the public discourse surrounding a shared piece of history. And through their actions both during and after the war, dissent proved to be dangerous. And statues of Franco himself in were meant to venerate him to a status of near-sainthood following his victory.[1]

The Nationalists were presented as a force which had "purified" Spain from a tale of corruption and degradation heaped on the shoulders of the Republic. Leftist political ideologies were vilified and calls for self-determination, such as those from the Catalans, were made a symbol of a disunity that could only do harm. Naturally, dissent from this narrative still existed. But the political climate was hostile toward it now. A person could privately disagree, but to do so publicly posed a risk to their safety.
Contrasted with this was the narrative surrounding the Nationalist forces themselves. They were presented as a having "purified" Spain of corruption and degradation, both of which were heaped on the shoulders of the Republic and those ideologies now deemed dangerous. Like everyone else in Spain, the Nationalist forces had endured sacrifices during the fighting. Monuments were meant to pay homage to these by commemorating those who were lost to the conflict. It is, however, important to note that the monuments were dedicated almost(?) strictly to the Nationalists, excluding the same sacrifices endured by the Republic. The reasoning behind this decision is probably varied. First could a desire to send a message to Republic sympathizers that their losses were not the ones that mattered now- they had lost. At the same time, they served to make the sacrifice of the fascists into something noble, fitting firmly with the "purification" myth. Finally, monuments are a public fixture. They're easily viewed by everyone who passes by them, their messages always conveyed whether a person agrees with them or not. In this sense, they serve to legitimize the power of the regime that put them up. Not only did monuments evoke the ever-present nature of the regime, but the regime's narrative as well.