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Imágenes del cuerpo/ Corporal Images: La imagen fotográfica y las significaciones culturales del cuerpo

The Eternity Of Tomorrow by Cristóbal Olivares

The Mapuche are the largest indigenous community in Chile. They are concentrated in the south of the country, mostly in the Araucanía region which is the poorest region in Chile with a population of 957.224 which 17,2% lives below the poverty level. For almost a century they have claimed their right to recover ancestral lands and natural resources that have been affected by the negative impact of the forest industry and state business. In the absence of a responsive government that allows the restitution of the land, the level of the conflict in the Araucanía region increased. The Mapuche adopted measures of pressure like the squatting of the lands and properties demanded. This claiming right process and the increase of clashes generated a negative reaction from the government that resulted in the implementation of a policy of judicial persecution and criminalization of collective action, harassment and persecution of leaders, and the militarization of these ancestral territories. The violence against the Mapuche has serious and specific consequences on children and teenagers, derived from repression, criminalization, raids, interrogations, and other actions carried out by members of the special operation forces. Different NGO's and the national institute of human rights counted 133 cases that include several police violence against Mapuche youth in the last 5 years (up to 2019) while many other cases has not been reported due to mistrust of the judicial system. During the same years 2.241 bullets have been fired by the police in the region. Those cases are rarely reported through traditional media, that brings as a consequence misinformation, letting the Chilean population knowing very little about the Mapuche conflict and their demands. This project focuses on the experiences suffered by the Mapuche youth documenting testimonies of repression, psychological and physical violence. This project was produced with the support of Magnum Foundation. #Otredad, #Indígena

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1. The Eternity Of Tomorrow by Cristóbal Olivares The Mapuche are the largest indigenous community in Chile. They are concentrated in the south of the country, mostly in the Araucanía region which is the poorest region in Chile with a population of 957.224 which 17,2% lives below the poverty level. For almost a century they have claimed their right to recover ancestral lands and natural resources that have been affected by the negative impact of the forest industry and state business. In the absence of a responsive government that allows the restitution of the land, the level of the conflict in the Araucanía region increased. The Mapuche adopted measures of pressure like the squatting of the lands and properties demanded. This claiming right process and the increase of clashes generated a negative reaction from the government that resulted in the implementation of a policy of judicial persecution and criminalization of collective action, harassment and persecution of leaders, and the militarization of these ancestral territories. The violence against the Mapuche has serious and specific consequences on children and teenagers, derived from repression, criminalization, raids, interrogations, and other actions carried out by members of the special operation forces. Different NGO's and the national institute of human rights counted 133 cases that include several police violence against Mapuche youth in the last 5 years (up to 2019) while many other cases has not been reported due to mistrust of the judicial system. During the same years 2.241 bullets have been fired by the police in the region. Those cases are rarely reported through traditional media, that brings as a consequence misinformation, letting the Chilean population knowing very little about the Mapuche conflict and their demands. This project focuses on the experiences suffered by the Mapuche youth documenting testimonies of repression, psychological and physical violence. This project was produced with the support of Magnum Foundation. #Otredad, #Indígena
Contents of this annotation:
1. The Eternity Of Tomorrow by Cristóbal Olivares The Mapuche are the largest indigenous community in Chile. They are concentrated in the south of the country, mostly in the Araucanía region which is the poorest region in Chile with a population of 957.224 which 17,2% lives below the poverty level. For almost a century they have claimed their right to recover ancestral lands and natural resources that have been affected by the negative impact of the forest industry and state business. In the absence of a responsive government that allows the restitution of the land, the level of the conflict in the Araucanía region increased. The Mapuche adopted measures of pressure like the squatting of the lands and properties demanded. This claiming right process and the increase of clashes generated a negative reaction from the government that resulted in the implementation of a policy of judicial persecution and criminalization of collective action, harassment and persecution of leaders, and the militarization of these ancestral territories. The violence against the Mapuche has serious and specific consequences on children and teenagers, derived from repression, criminalization, raids, interrogations, and other actions carried out by members of the special operation forces. Different NGO's and the national institute of human rights counted 133 cases that include several police violence against Mapuche youth in the last 5 years (up to 2019) while many other cases has not been reported due to mistrust of the judicial system. During the same years 2.241 bullets have been fired by the police in the region. Those cases are rarely reported through traditional media, that brings as a consequence misinformation, letting the Chilean population knowing very little about the Mapuche conflict and their demands. This project focuses on the experiences suffered by the Mapuche youth documenting testimonies of repression, psychological and physical violence. This project was produced with the support of Magnum Foundation. #Otredad, #Indígena
Contents of this annotation:
1. The Eternity Of Tomorrow by Cristóbal Olivares The Mapuche are the largest indigenous community in Chile. They are concentrated in the south of the country, mostly in the Araucanía region which is the poorest region in Chile with a population of 957.224 which 17,2% lives below the poverty level. For almost a century they have claimed their right to recover ancestral lands and natural resources that have been affected by the negative impact of the forest industry and state business. In the absence of a responsive government that allows the restitution of the land, the level of the conflict in the Araucanía region increased. The Mapuche adopted measures of pressure like the squatting of the lands and properties demanded. This claiming right process and the increase of clashes generated a negative reaction from the government that resulted in the implementation of a policy of judicial persecution and criminalization of collective action, harassment and persecution of leaders, and the militarization of these ancestral territories. The violence against the Mapuche has serious and specific consequences on children and teenagers, derived from repression, criminalization, raids, interrogations, and other actions carried out by members of the special operation forces. Different NGO's and the national institute of human rights counted 133 cases that include several police violence against Mapuche youth in the last 5 years (up to 2019) while many other cases has not been reported due to mistrust of the judicial system. During the same years 2.241 bullets have been fired by the police in the region. Those cases are rarely reported through traditional media, that brings as a consequence misinformation, letting the Chilean population knowing very little about the Mapuche conflict and their demands. This project focuses on the experiences suffered by the Mapuche youth documenting testimonies of repression, psychological and physical violence. This project was produced with the support of Magnum Foundation. #Otredad, #Indígena
Contents of this annotation:
1. The Eternity Of Tomorrow by Cristóbal Olivares The Mapuche are the largest indigenous community in Chile. They are concentrated in the south of the country, mostly in the Araucanía region which is the poorest region in Chile with a population of 957.224 which 17,2% lives below the poverty level. For almost a century they have claimed their right to recover ancestral lands and natural resources that have been affected by the negative impact of the forest industry and state business. In the absence of a responsive government that allows the restitution of the land, the level of the conflict in the Araucanía region increased. The Mapuche adopted measures of pressure like the squatting of the lands and properties demanded. This claiming right process and the increase of clashes generated a negative reaction from the government that resulted in the implementation of a policy of judicial persecution and criminalization of collective action, harassment and persecution of leaders, and the militarization of these ancestral territories. The violence against the Mapuche has serious and specific consequences on children and teenagers, derived from repression, criminalization, raids, interrogations, and other actions carried out by members of the special operation forces. Different NGO's and the national institute of human rights counted 133 cases that include several police violence against Mapuche youth in the last 5 years (up to 2019) while many other cases has not been reported due to mistrust of the judicial system. During the same years 2.241 bullets have been fired by the police in the region. Those cases are rarely reported through traditional media, that brings as a consequence misinformation, letting the Chilean population knowing very little about the Mapuche conflict and their demands. This project focuses on the experiences suffered by the Mapuche youth documenting testimonies of repression, psychological and physical violence. This project was produced with the support of Magnum Foundation. #Otredad, #Indígena

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1. Anastasio Somoza Debayle
5. General Tom Thumb, Lavinia Warren Stratton, Comodoro Nutt y Minnie Warren
7. Mapa de una parte de Chile que comprehende el terreno donde pasaron los famosos hechos entre españoles y araucanos
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12. “Molotov Man" (1979–2009)
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18. The Eternity Of Tomorrow by Cristóbal Olivares The Mapuche are the largest indigenous community in Chile. They are concentrated in the south of the country, mostly in the Araucanía region which is the poorest region in Chile with a population of 957.224 which 17,2% lives below the poverty level. For almost a century they have claimed their right to recover ancestral lands and natural resources that have been affected by the negative impact of the forest industry and state business. In the absence of a responsive government that allows the restitution of the land, the level of the conflict in the Araucanía region increased. The Mapuche adopted measures of pressure like the squatting of the lands and properties demanded. This claiming right process and the increase of clashes generated a negative reaction from the government that resulted in the implementation of a policy of judicial persecution and criminalization of collective action, harassment and persecution of leaders, and the militarization of these ancestral territories. The violence against the Mapuche has serious and specific consequences on children and teenagers, derived from repression, criminalization, raids, interrogations, and other actions carried out by members of the special operation forces. Different NGO's and the national institute of human rights counted 133 cases that include several police violence against Mapuche youth in the last 5 years (up to 2019) while many other cases has not been reported due to mistrust of the judicial system. During the same years 2.241 bullets have been fired by the police in the region. Those cases are rarely reported through traditional media, that brings as a consequence misinformation, letting the Chilean population knowing very little about the Mapuche conflict and their demands. This project focuses on the experiences suffered by the Mapuche youth documenting testimonies of repression, psychological and physical violence. This project was produced with the support of Magnum Foundation. #Otredad, #Indígena
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La continuación de la otredad de los Mapuches en la sociedad Chilena
Breve historia de la interacción entre los mapuches y los españoles y los chilenos
Los mapuches son un grupo indígena de América del sur. Las mayorías habitan en la región central de Chile, sur del rio Biobío que se llama Araucanía. Números grupos de nativos habitaban en Araucanía. Pero juntos se referencian como los Mapuches (Pilar M. Herr 2019). Antes de la llegada de los españoles, los mapuches vivieron en pueblos agricultores. Los Mapuches cultivaba maíz, frijoles, calabaza, guindillas, y otras verduras. Ellos pescaban, cazaban, y criaban cobayas para la carne ("Mapuche | History, People, Culture, & Facts | Britannica" 2024).
En los siglos XVI, XVII, y XVIII, los pueblos mapuches desviaron de su forma tradicional de interactuar ente ellos y comenzaron de crear alianzas militares, políticas, y económicos para resistir los colonizadores españoles ("Mapuche | History, People, Culture, & Facts | Britannica" 2024). El imperio español invirtió bastante dinero en sus fuerzas armadas para que ellos estarían a los alrededores del Araucanía y mandaban misioneros al territorio (Pilar M. Herr 2019).

Exitosamente las élites chilenas crearon un estado independiente de España en 1818. Ellos quisieron de expandir al sur a Cabo de Hornos y esto incluía el territorio de Araucanía (Pilar M. Herr 2019). En el siglo XIX, los lideres chilenos trataron de integrar a los mapuches en la sociedad chilena y desplazar los sistémicamente más al sur de Chile (Pilar M. Herr 2019). Después de la independencia chilena, la meta principal de los lideres era de expandir territorialmente (Pilar M. Herr 2019). A la vez, los mapuches estaban luchando por autonomía y contra los esfuerzos del estado quien trabajaron para la posesión de su tierra y eliminar su cultura (Pilar M. Herr 2019).
La otredad de los Mapuches en los 1800s por la fotografía
Entre los años 1861-1863, Chile ocupó el territorio mapuche, dividió el territorio y dio concesiones de terreno a colonos extranjero y domésticos (Terry 2019). Durante el último tercero del siglo XIX cuando Chile ocupo el territorio mapuche, fotógrafos viajaron al región del Araucanía (Alvarado 2001). La autora, Margarita Alvarado Pérez, explica en su libro, Mapuche: fotografías siglos XIX y XX: construcción y montaje de un imaginario, la importancia de que las primeras fotografías de los mapuches fueron hechas por fotógrafos y no académicos. Pérez argumenta que es importante a mencionar esto hecho porque la manipulación artística crea la precepción de un mundo extraño o salvaje. La estetización de los mapuches con la pose y la escenificación define los mapuches como “una cultura diferente” (Alvarado 2001, p. 18).

Un fotógrafo quien Pérez critica es Odber Heffer Bissett. En algunos de sus fotografías de los mapuches, hay artefactos y utensilios, que Pérez describe como una “coreografía étnica.” Los subjetos en las fotos están hilando o tejiendo y es una representación que describe la cultura mapuche como una cultura lejana y exótica.
La otredad de los mapuches es evidente por la política histórica de la sistémicamente ocupar y el territorio de los mapuches y dominar su cultura. También, es evidente por la representación de los mapuches y su cultura como un entidad separada y exótica de la sociedad chileno. Vemos la continuación de la otredad de los mapuches en la historia contemporánea.
La continuación de la otredad de los mapuches con el termino terrorista
Hoy en día los mapuches luchan por la protección de su territorio contra el control de empresas como los forestales y la recuperación de su terreno. Desde la ocupación del territorio mapuche en el siglo XIX, los lideres mapuches luchaban por la recuperación de su terreno (Terry 2019). La lucha mapuche a convertido en una lucha nacionalista en el fin del siglo XX. Símbolos del nacionalismo mapuche son una bandera, la idioma mapuche, territorio y autoridades tradicionales como un jefe o chamán mapuche (Terry 2019).

Criticismos del movimiento nacionalista mapuche comenzaron en los 1990s por su ideología anticapitalista y violencia ocasional (Terry 2019). Algunos grupos mapuches ha incorporado la violencia como el incendio provocado en su resistencia. En el 2017, hubo 43 ataques de incendio provocado contra los forestales en el región de Aracuanía (Youkee 2018). En los fines de los 1990s, el militar y policía comenzaron a reprimir los mapuches y durante esta etapa era la primera vez que la media chilena llamó los mapuches, terroristas. La represión policial ha devuelto fatal para los mapuches quienes han sufrido de heridas graves o de la muerte (Bartlett 2018).
La ideología de las élites chilenas perpetuó la otredad de los mapuches que continua hasta hoy. La idea de que la cultura mapuche es inferior, salvaje y extraño, y por esas razones su territorio era digno de ocupar por intereses expansionaría y financieras. Igualmente, por las mismas razones los lideres chilenos vieron necesario a asimilar e integrar los mapuches a la sociedad chilena. La otredad de los mapuches a evaluado a un término: terrorista. Esto nueva precepción de otredad deshumaniza los mapuches porque se crea una imagen de alguien sin compasión y que no merece dignidad. Tristemente, esto ha devuelto una vida de represión violenta y brutal por el militar y la policía chilena.
WORKS CITED
Alvarado, Margarita. 2001. Mapuche : fotografías siglos XIX y XX : construcción y montaje de un imaginario. Santiago de Chile: Pehuén Editores. https://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-9632.html.
Bartlett, John. 2018. “Chile: Four Police Officers Arrested over Fatal Shooting of Indigenous Man.” The Guardian, November 29, 2018, sec. World news. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/nov/29/chile-camilo-catrillanca-death-four-police-officers-arrested.
“Mapuche | History, People, Culture, & Facts | Britannica.” 2024. March 14, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mapuche.
Pilar M. Herr. 2019. Contested Nation : The Mapuche, Bandits, and State Formation in Nineteenth-Century Chile. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=shib&db=e000xna&AN=2155048&authtype=sso&custid=s5913266&site=ehost-live&scope=site&custid=s5913266.
Terry, Kyilah. 2019. “Understanding the Mapuche Struggle.” UCLA Center for India and South Asia, February 22, 2019. https://www.international.ucla.edu/cisa/article/200601.
Youkee, Mat. 2018. “Indigenous Chileans Defend Their Land against Loggers with Radical Tactics | Chile | The Guardian.” The Guardian, June 18, 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/14/chile-mapuche-indigenous-arson-radical-environmental-protest.