Corresponding to these narratives are scenes of torture, punishment, and execution in historic Chinese penalty paintings. From pre-Qin period to the Qing Dynasty (before 221 BC to early 20th century), the main punishments in China were comprised of Wuxing, “The Five Punishments” (五刑), employing varying methods depending on the dynasty. In the Warring State Period (475–221 BC), Wuxing refers to five harsh physical penalties: Mo (墨, “tattooing”), Yi (劓 “cutting noses off”), Fei (剕 “cutting feet off”), Gong (宫 “castration”), and Dapi (大辟 “execution”). In the Han Dynasty (206 BC­­–220 AD), all physical punishments were abolished except the death penalty and whipping, and the severity of punishment was largely reduced and replaced by various forms of service and labor. In the Wei and Jin Periods (220–420), the Wuxing system became further developed, and each distinct penalty was executed at different levels depending on the nature of the crime. During the Sui Dynasty (561–648), the legal code “Kaihuanglǜ (開皇律)” finalized the basic forms of the Wuxing system: Chixing (笞刑, “whipping”) Zhangxing (杖刑 “rod-beating”), Tuxing (徒刑 “imprisonment and forced servitude”), Liuxing (流刑 “exile”), and Sixing (死刑 "death penalty”). This system has become the prototype of Tanglǜ (唐律, The Law of Tang Dynasty). The Wuxing system was supplemented in following periods through various amendments. For instance, the government added a third-level death penalty, Lingchi (凌迟), “cutting in pieces”, as well as an additional penalty to exile, Junliu (軍流), “forced military service.” Furthermore, hanging and decapitation were each divided into two categories: immediate hanging and hanging with probation, immediate decapitation and decapitation with probation. Aside from the five official punishments, there were several alternative and supplemental punishments, such as shackling, tattooing, whipping, head-display after decapitation, imprisonment, and fines. Although these punishments should not be viewed as the principal penalties, they were nevertheless used in many dynasties, and they were especially common as supplemental punishments in the Qing period.