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• 1 2018-08-22T17:23:58-07:00 TRADITIONAL MUSIC IN THE ARAB WORLD 8 plain 2018-08-25T04:51:22-07:00

  INTRODUCTION

  Image: Sid Ahmed, Hanaa. (2016). Socio-environmental impacts of urban expansion: Case of Arab countries. International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research. 14. 7689-7706. Source: researchgate.net 
  
  
  Arabic music is the music of Arabic-speaking states of Western Asia and North Africa sharing common music practices, theories, and instruments. From the tenth century, Arabic music maintained close contacts with Persian music theory, song, and instruments. During the Ottoman Empire beginning in the thirteenth century, Turkish culture dominated Arabic musical life. A distinctly Arabic consciousness was reborn in the nineteenth century, launched by anti-imperialist Islamic reformers, scholars, and musicians. Fundamental change occurred during the colonial rule of the Arab World by European powers following World War I when Arabs began to adopt Western musical styles and instruments. From the mid-twentieth century to today Arabic music has been influenced by American popular music as well, especially jazz and hip hop. 
  
  [Touma, The Music of the Arabs]
   

  TRADITIONAL ARABIC MUSIC

  Anne Rasmussen, in The Music of Multicultural America, counts as the distinguishing features of Arabic music:
  • a melodic texture that foregrounds improvisation, decoration, variation, and nuance
  • the maqam system's particular approach to intonation (tuning) and melody
  • exciting meters and rhythms, and the sounds of the percussion instruments that play them
  • the unique timbres of traditional Arabic string and wind instruments
  • the juxtaposition and combination of metric and nonmetric music

  Melodic Style

  Traditional Arabic music is almost wholly melodic, and melodies are often melismatic and highly ornamented as in "Seyouff el Ezz" performed by Mohammed Assaf. Singing is held as the ideal of musical expressiveness. In traditional style, singers are almost always accompanied by an instrumental ensemble playing in unison with the singer.  
  

  Maqam System

  The theory behind the maqam system of Arabic music stretches back to the ninth century. Arabic music is based on eight commonly used melodic modes, or maqams. The maqam system is the basis of composed and improvised Arabic music, whether vocal and instrumental. The maqam system is mostly taught orally, and by extensive listening to traditional playing. Each maqam is also meant to produce a certain mood or emotional state in the listener.
  
  The particular tones of each maqam are organized in seven-tone scales, and each maqam has characteristic musical phrases made up of four (less often, three or five) continuous tones that give the maqam its flavor and recognizability. The Arabic tuning system contains tones that sound "out of tune" in the European equal-tempered tuning system. Such tones are often referred to as "microtones," because their distance apart is less than that of the semitone, the smallest interval in European music. For Arabic music to sound as intended it should be played on traditional Arab instruments that can produce the microtones that Western instruments with fixed pitches (such as piano) cannot. Violin, and the other members of the fretless violin family, adapt readily to the tunings of the maqam system.
  
  Comparison of maqam Ajam and maqam Hijaz:
  
  The tuning of maqam Ajam is identical to the European major scale and is meant to produce a happy feeling in the listener. The examples are from an instrumental solo (taqsim) played on oud, and an instrumental ensemble (takht).
  
  Maqam Hijaz has two tones that are outside of the European tuning system and that give Hijaz a sound shared by Semitic people throughout the Middle East. The examples played are again taqsim and takht. 

  Rhythm in Arabic Music

  Rhythm is Arabic music is often in free rhythm. Metric rhythm is organized by rhythmic patterns of various durations —3, 4, 7, 8, or 10 beat long, up to more than 100. The pattern is made from two different timbres — one low-pitched and one sounding higher and drier — and rests. These patterns can be varied by decoration in performance, similar to improvised melodic ornamentation. 
  
  [Touma, Radmussen, "Maqam," Wikipedia]
   

  TRADITIONAL ARABIC INSTRUMENTS

  Instrumental music may be played by a soloist as a self-contained improvisation (taqsim), or by an ensemble.  The representative instrumental ensemble of the classical Arabic music of the Middle East is the takht. In Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Jordan, the takht includes the oud, kamanjah (violin), qanun, ney.
  
  The main percussion instruments in Arabic music are demonstrated in this video (left to right): riq, two darabukas, and daf.  
  
  A takht may play a stand-alone composition, or the ensemble may play a suite (nuba) — a series of linked vocal and instrumental sections, with free-form vocal or instrumental improvisations alternating with ensemble playing in strict rhythm.
  
  Qatar Music Academy: Performance by Takht
  
  (Scroll half-way down the linked webpage to "Arab Instrument Demonstration - Full Takht" to play this video.)
  
  
  Qatari Music Academy takht: violin, ney, qanun, oud, riq
  
  
  An Arabic takht. From left to right: two ouds, violin, qanun, darabuka, and riq
  
  Image from Sarah Sanbar, "Music Links Investigation-Arabic Music and Bartok," March 2013.  

  Oud

  The oud is an Arabic instrument whose origins date back over 5000 years to a Central Asian progenitor that is also the ancestor of the Chinese pipa and the European lute. It is perhaps the most important instrument in music of the Middle East. This performance of "Bint al chalabiya" is  by  Iraqi musician Omar Bashir whose father Munir (1930 – 1997) was a prime figure in bringing Middle Eastern instrumental traditions to the attention of the West. In this live performance he begins in the nature of a free-form improvised taqsim and is later joined by other instruments in a combination of maqam, rumba, and jazz. 
  
   
  
  

  Ney

  
  

  Qanun

  
  
  Qanun
  Photo: Ozanyarman at English Wikipedia [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons