New Possibilities
One of the best justifications for integrating technology is that it may allow teachers and students to achieve better learning outcomes. However, this may be the most difficult criteria to realize. Many of the purported advances in learning technology "have merely employed media as simple vehicles for instructional methods" (Clark, 1983, p. 446). Rather than imaging a better way to meet current goals, new goals and methods for meeting those goals must be imagined. My experiences with social annotation technology provided a new way to engage in discussion within a text, but the tools I studied did not fully embody the new and better goals aspect of the criteria.
The U.S. Department of Education (2016) asserts "technology can be a powerful tool for transforming learning" (p. 1). I would however agree with Larry Cuban's (1986) longview of "the durability of classroom pedagogy" (p. 109). What matters most is not the technological tools themselves, but through what means and to what ends they are employed.