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Reading Nature, Observing Science: Examining Material Practices in the Lick Observatory Archives and Kenneth S. Norris Papers Main Menu Introduction to the Lick Observatory Archives The Lick Observatory: Imaging the Cosmos The Lick Observatory: Eclipse Expeditions Eclipse Intro page (first in a path) Introduction to Kenneth S. Norris Papers Kenneth S. Norris Papers: Natural History in Practice Kenneth S. Norris Papers: Pedagogy and Conservation Connections: In Relation to Nature These images demonstrate the different constructions of nature in the two archives Connections: Materials of Observation Visualization of the Connections Visualizes the connections between all the content Reading Nature, Observing Science Captions and information for the cases of objects on display at UCSC Special Collections

Chart recording the distribution of southern stars in astronomer Edward Holden's scrapbook, circa 1890s.

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Astronomical Illustrations in the Lick Observatory Archives Christine Turk
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Case 1: In Relation to Nature Danielle Crawford
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1. Notes on the appearance of a comet in astronomer Charles D. Perrine's copybook, circa 1890s.
2. Edward Barnard observing the night sky at the 6" Willard lens, 1894 "On chilly or cold nights I wore an Esquimaux coat made of reindeer skin, and heavy rubber overshoes. Frequently, on bringing the eye to the telescope on such nights, a spark would discharge with a slight shock between the eye and the eyepiece. This was extremely annoying, and finally became so disagreeable that it was found convenient frequently to touch the metal of the instrument...the probable explanation of this phenomenon is that it is due to the fur coat and the insulation of the rubber overshoes, the body becoming electrically charged like a Leyden jar." - Barnard in "Photographs of the Milky Way and Comets," 1913
3. Turtles on a Tram Car, Flint Island
4. Mrs Campbell sitting upon a turtle, Flint Island, 1922
5. Environmental Field Program, photograph by Tom O'Leary, UCSC, circa 1979
6. S.W. Burnham's Scrapbook
7. 1973 Natural History Class at Kelso Dunes
8. Photograph of Norris and students during Natural History Field Quarter, undated
9. "Poets in the Field: The Natural History Field Quarter," Science Notes Vol 4.1, 1977 Interview with Dan Warrick, a student in the 1977 Natural History Field Quarter, that highlights the interdisciplinarity of the class. Warrick states that the Field Quarter was based on a “poetic outlook,” wherein students were encouraged to use thoughts and feelings as well as scientific knowledge, all of which was recorded in daily journals, in order to better understand the natural world. According to Warrick, the class was based on a blend of scientific and poetic approaches to studying nature. This campus publication also includes a poem written by Warrick himself about his experience in the Field Quarter.
10. Field Notes 1954-60, Norris
11. Chart recording the distribution of southern stars in astronomer Edward Holden's scrapbook, circa 1890s.

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Connections: Materials of Observation Christine Turk
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Connections: Materials of Observation Astronomers kept individual copybooks and scrapbooks in which they used sketches, illustrations, and visually descriptive language alongside numeric charts to record their observations. Charles Perrine's copybook here describes his day-to-day observations of the apparent size of a comet; Perrine's descriptions speak to the way in which it is difficult to describe something like light in purely objective terms, untouched by the discourse of aesthetics. In this set of charts from Edward Holden's scrapbook, Holden uses different shades of blue pen to represent the distribution of stars in the southern sky; the careful uniformity of these markings speaks to an aesthetic way of interfacing with the cosmos. The scrapbook also contains some illustrations of Jupiter, though Holden discounts them as having "no artistic merit." In what ways does the history of astronomical discovery at the Lick, often represented as a series of technologically impressive and visually impressive photographs produced by automated telescopes, omit the modes of observation and material practices archived here?

Material practices of observation were also central to Norris's work in natural history. He was a prolific note taker and filled numerous bound books with field notes, journal entries, and species accounts. Norris used the practice of note taking to document thoughts, sketches, and diagrams of the various animal species he encountered, ranging from dolphins and whales to lizards and snakes. He also took notes to record and reflect on his many experiences in the natural world. Norris's bound field notes from 1954-1960 speak to the wide range of his note taking practice, as the book is a textual collage of typed and handwritten journal entries, field notes, and species catalogues on various paper sizes.

Situating the Lick Observatory archives and the Ken Norris papers alongside each other reveals the ways in which science is immersed in particular material practices that ultimately inform scientific findings. Both archives revolve around embodied practices of note taking, illustrating, sketching, and charting in different formats. Calling attention to such embodied practices highlights the process behind the production of scientific knowledge, a process that is often occluded in histories of science.