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Reading Nature, Observing Science: Examining Material Practices in the Lick Observatory Archives and Kenneth S. Norris Papers Main Menu Introduction to the Lick Observatory Archives The Lick Observatory: Imaging the Cosmos The Lick Observatory: Eclipse Expeditions Eclipse Intro page (first in a path) Introduction to Kenneth S. Norris Papers Kenneth S. Norris Papers: Natural History in Practice Kenneth S. Norris Papers: Pedagogy and Conservation Connections: In Relation to Nature These images demonstrate the different constructions of nature in the two archives Connections: Materials of Observation Visualization of the Connections Visualizes the connections between all the content Reading Nature, Observing Science Captions and information for the cases of objects on display at UCSC Special Collections

Illustrations of Orion Nebula, Frederik Kaiser (astronomer), 1844.

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Astronomical Illustrations in the Lick Observatory Archives Christine Turk
Contents of this path:
Illustrating the Cosmos Christine Turk
Contents of this path:
1. The Trouvelot Astronomical Drawings Manual, 1882. In the book, Trouvelot writes, "Those unacquainted with the use of optical instruments generally suppose that all astronomical drawings are obtained by the photographic process, and are, therefore, comparatively easy to procure; but this is not true. Although photography renders valuable assistance to the astronomer in the case of the Sun and Moon, as proved by the fine photographs of these objects taken by M. Janssen and Mr. Rutherfurd ; yet, for other subjects, its products are in general so blurred and indistinct that no details of any great value can be secured. A well-trained eye alone is capable of seizing the delicate details of structure and of configuration of the heavenly bodies, which are liable to be affected, and even rendered invisible, by the slightest changes in our atmosphere."
2. Sketch of Orion Nebula, E.L. Trouvelot, 1875.
3. The Great Nebula in Orion, illustration by E.L. Trouvelot, 1875.
4. Letter from E.L. Trouvelot to E.S. Holden, 1894.
5. Illustrations of Orion Nebula, Frederik Kaiser (astronomer), 1844.
6. Illustration of Mars, J.M. Schaeberle (astronomer), 1892.
7. Illustration of Mars, J.M. Schaeberle (astronomer), 1892.
8. Illustration of Jupiter, James Keeler (astronomer), 1889.

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Nebulae Christine Turk
Contents of this tag:
1. Reproducing the Images
2. Great Spiral Nebula (M51), photographer unknown (likely James Keeler), 1899. This is a four-hour exposure of the Great Spiral Nebula using the 36" Crossley reflector. Note the loss of detail described by Perrine or "faint nebulosity" described in the letters here; compare with the image of the spiral galaxy from 1914. N.B.: This is now known as the Whirlpool Galaxy. Astronomers did not yet understand the difference between nebulae and galaxies, believing that they were of the same nature. Most thought that all of these distant structures were contained within the Milky Way galaxy itself. The difference was confirmed in the 1920s; the work of one of the Lick's astronomers, Heber Curtis, contributed in part to this development.
3. Andromeda Nebula, photographed by Edward Barnard, 1894.
4. Glass plate positive of Spiral Nebula, photographer unknown, 1914.
5. Illustrations of Orion Nebula, Frederik Kaiser (astronomer), 1844.
6. Note about the term "nebula"
7. Correspondence with Photogravure and Color Company about nebulae prints, 1905.
8. Correspondence with Photogravure and Color Company about nebulae prints, 1905.