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Herbarium: Medicinal Plants as Information Worthy Worts: Comprehensive Comparison of the Histories, Structures, and Therapeutic Uses of Plants in the Scrophulariaceae and Asteraceae Families In order to better understand the “worts'” categorization, an analysis of the plants within the Scrophulariaceae family (Scrophularia californica, Scrophularia scorodonia, and Galvezia juncea) and two plants within the Asteraceae family (Artemisia douglasiana and Artemisia campestris) was conducted. Through research thus far, it was found that these aforementioned plants share structural similarities in terms of aspects that include venation of the leaves. The most prominent common denominator of the wort category is that they all have therapeutic uses. Among the historical therapeutic uses found in the literature are anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and antioxidant uses. These benefits have been utilized from societies ranging from the American Indians to the Europeans. -By Chris Leung, Catly Do, Fady Tawfik, and Sean Jamali. Exploring the Sages: Medicinal Properties and Appearances of Artemisia Californica and Salvia Apiana Both plants Artemisia Californica and Salvia apiana under the category of sages play important roles in maintaining the growth of their local ecosystems with similar habitats, medicinal properties, and flowering appearances during the times of collection. However, they also share important differences in their flowering and growth patterns as well as the active agents used for their medicinal properties. In analyzing the similarities and differences between these two plants regarding appearances, climate, medicinal properties, and growth patterns, the similarities in how they are able to provide and support their local ecosystems is the big picture idea that can be understood. - By Stephanie Bottomley, Rasika Obla, Tony Ong, and Balpreet Sond. Tea Time: Exploring the Medicinal Properties of Bark-Use Plants from a Traditional Ecological Knowledge Context This page discusses three different plants that contain significant medicinal properties in their bark and have been historically used by indigenous communities throughout North America: Populus tremuloides, Frangula californica subsp. californica, and Amelanchier alnifolia. These species will be compared on a global scale by examining the bark-based applications of two related species from Africa and East Asia: Dovyalis caffra and Rhaphiolepis umbellata. Despite their phenotypic differences and the differences in their medicinal properties, all five of these plants have been used to help relieve symptoms of communicable and chronic diseases through the direct digestion of tea like remedies made from the boiled bark of these plants. -By Saja Zidan, Maha Ulhaq, Kate Santoso, Gillian, Miller, Anna Jovin, and Luc Lorain The History, Comparison, and Analysis of Parasitic Plants Our project presents the process of collecting and researching the special characteristics of parasitic plants. We explore each plant's respective medical practices and compare them to epiphytic plants that are similar to our original plants of interest. In each project, we individually explain how the plants were collected, identified, translated, and classified. The contextual reasons behind this process are also presented and connected to the general unique characteristics of parasitic plants. Each page provides a collection of media images that visually represent the main plant of interest, the epiphytic plant, the historical materia medica image, and the individual journal observations that we made of our respective plants. We offer comparative analysis and highlight important parts of each specimen throughout these photos. - By Khang Vo, Jessica McLaughlin, Alastair Sterns, and Dania Alkoraishi Combating Coughs: The Respiratory Remedies across North America Bioprospecting and the application of materia medica have played central roles in the remedy of physical ailments in humans throughout history. From ancient cultures utilizing extracts from leaves and roots to modern medicinal practices extracting medicinal properties from plants to put into pills and other therapies, materia medica has and remains a relevant and growing practice. Here, we examine various plants from North America and their varied characteristics, though they share similar medicinal properties.- By Raymond Ko, Mari Williams, Elizabeth Pham, Julia Tang, Cienna Henry Milton, and Emma Barrall Antiseptics in Nature: An exploratory analysis of Coptis trifolia and Larrea tridentata The following research studies common properties of plants used as potential antiseptic medicinal use. Explained more in depth later on, the first page introduces the plant Coptis trifolia, and its common characteristics with a similar plant, Thalictrum fendleri. The second page studies Larrea Tridentata found at the UCLA Herbarium and its living species at the UCLA Botanical Garden. The pages also examine other species found at the UCLA Botanical Garden, with references of possible characteristics which may allude to the specificity and uniqueness of the plants and objects. These three species studied share a common use as an antiseptic. - By Neha Shetty, Simran Athwal, Mariah Ghodrat, Madeline Huttie, and Liam Kordmahale-Izaddoust Plant Specimen and their Alias : Exploring the Identity of Plants with Animal in the Name Lycium torreyi and Equisetum laevigatum, both plant species with an animal in their name, were explored for their characteristics and relationship to their respective animals. Through extensive research, we deduce several similarities and differences between our plants that led us to an understanding of why each plant earned their colloquial name, or alias. Lycium torreyi and Equisetum laevigatum, alias Wolfberry and Smooth Horsetail, respectively, have several commonalities and differences to their corresponding animal including physical and character traits as well as their medicinal qualities. Images, observations and outside research portray the many queries and answers to their common name. By Frieda Anastopulos, Alexa Hernandez, Denise Llera, Chelsea Okoro, Grace Randall Precious Polygonaceae: Insight into the Historical Collection and Therapeutic Uses of Polygonum, Eriogonum, and Rumex Genera This comparative analysis took to exploring six species under the Polygonaceae plant family, half of which are housed in the UCLA Herbarium and half of which are located in the Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden at UCLA. Although they shared a meaningful commonality, these plants fell under a total of three genuses, which seems to explain their differences in morphology - as observed in the physical herbarium specimen sheets and the botanical garden visit - and utility, as unveiled by various Materia Medica entries. However, with an understanding of both historical and modern collection processes, this analysis also postulated that such differences could relate to how these plants were collected and their associated metadata. - By Moryel Yashar, Lexie Baughman, Nicole Cohen, Yair Tabibi, Tabetha Sanchez, and Leah Tabibi Bidens pilosa, Crataegus douglasii, and Urtica dioica effects on Cardiovascular System Bidens pilosa, Crataegus douglasii, and Urtica dioica are medicinal plants that have been found to contain a myriad of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, antioxidants, and polyphenol compounds. These compounds are known to have significant effects on the cardiovascular system by primarily targeting systolic hypertension. Plant extracts and their derivatives ameliorate oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension associated with cardiovascular disease. This association is due to the characteristics of anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant, and antiviral activity within the specimen. These medicinal outcomes are elicited to prevent the onset of cardiovascular diseases risk factors. Overall, Bidens pilosa, Crataegus douglasii, and Urtica dioica play a crucial role in cardioprotective effects and health benefits. - By Salma Fawzi, Anaeli Guzman, Rere Huang, Lilliane Martin, Isabel Nakoud, and Sriha Srinivasan A History and Analysis of Antiviral Medicinal Plants Medicinal plants vary wildly among cultures around the world, and proper identification, collections, and bioprospecting of these plants expand upon modern medicine and provide new possibilities of drugs. Exploration of historical materia medica, preserved herbarium specimens, and observation of plants both in adaptations and chosen environment allow for the discovery of new medical leads. Three plants in particular, Eclipta prostrata, Astragalus nuttallii var. Nuttallii, and Sambucus canadensis, have historically been documented and used in medicine for their antiviral properties. Through the process of observation as well as investigation of historic cultural uses, much can be learned about these medicinal plants that carry these critical properties. - By Allison Wang, Joanne Kwak, Nina Do, Nicolo Villasis, Sabrina Huang, and Hamza Mojadidi

Sambucus canadensis Specimen

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Sambucus canadensis - the American Elderberry and its Medicinal Usages Sambucus canadensis, along with other species of elderberry, have long been used for a variety of medicinal purposes throughout history, notably as an antiviral agent. A variety of materia medica helps identify, record, and analyze information about this plant. We have identified specimens in the UCLA Herbarium, Botanical Garden, and historical materia medica in order to better contextualize the defining characteristics of the elderberry genus and its uses. These different forms of record keeping illustrate the methods people have used throughout history to create collections of knowledge and data. - By Allison Wang and Joanne Kwak Through examination of the plants from the UCLA Herbarium, Botanical Garden, and historical materia medica, while they are not the same species, there are meaningful commonalities between all of the plants that help with identification of this genus. They also give insight into the adaptations and characteristics that define the elderberry genus.
Records of Sambucus canadensis in historical materia medica detail its various parts and properties, which lend themselves to identification through distinct characteristics and later explanation of medicinal properties in the different parts of the plant. A specimen of the same genus, Sambucus nigra, was produced in 1887 by Franz Eugen Köhler for Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, Vol. 2. It is a colored plate, which was to help with printing and mass production of this medicinal book. It is depicted showing the components of the plant, including its seeds, berries, leaves, and flowers at different angles and stages of development which allows the viewer to better understand the composition of the plant. Even though this particular materia medica is of a different species, being from the same genus allows us to find key similarities between the species and identify important characteristics. Illustrations such as these would have historically been used to record the usage and identification of medicinal plants.

Historical materia medica is often used to help with the identification of plants, as shown by the UCLA Herbarium specimen of Sambucus canadensis. The specimen was collected near the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal in Montgomery, Maryland by Cora Smith King. The species was determined after its collection by Agnes Smith using the Gray's “Manual” 7th edition, a botany handbook. It was originally misidentified as being in the Valerianaceae “Valerian” family but then was corrected to the Caprifoliaceae “Honeysuckle” family. The key points of collection and preservation of this specimen is to accurately show each part of the plant by pressing it and preserving it as well as including the relevant information in its metadata. With the development of modern database technology, this information can become part of wider collections of knowledge such as CCH2, allowing people all over the world to access this information.

While the materia medica helps with the identification and classification of the specimen, the collection and preservation of it helps with closer examination and annotation as well as future identification in the field. Using information found in materia medica and the herbarium specimen, important features of the plant found in the Botanical Garden are easily identified, such as its serrated leaves and odd-pinnate leaf pattern. Seeing this plant in person, though it is not the exact species, allows one to note key common features as well as contextualization of the plant in its environment, which may connect to some of the adaptations that were able to examine. The culmination of all this information allows for a better identification and understanding of this plant’s adaptations, environment, and it as a whole.

In terms of its medicinal properties, members of the Sambacus genus has historically been used to treat a wide variety of ailments and has noted antioxidant, antiviral, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The majority of literature surrounding plants in the elderberry genus is in regards to the european species, Sambucus nigra, or the European black elderberry which is present in Europe and North America. This plant has been used medicinally and culinarily for hundreds of years, leaving historical records throughout Europe. Flowerheads can be used to make elderflower cordial, or fried in batter to make elderflower fritters, while the berries have been used in wines or brandies. The plant was also historically used in medicines by herbalists, especially for flu symptoms. Although historically the European black elderberry was most favored in medicinal use, other species of this genus share its antiviral properties and can be used as medicine. The inner and root bark can be used as a diuretic, emetic, and laxative. The root bark has been used to promote labor, treat headaches, kidney problems and mucous congestion. The leaves and flowers are used as an antiseptic. Elderberry juice contains high levels of anthocyanins, a class of flavonoids which is known for its antiviral properties. In the modern world, new research and products containing this plant are being developed for medicinal usage.
WORKS CITED
Sahpira-Nahor O, Zakay-Rones Z, Mumcuoglu M. 1995. "The Effects of Sambucol ® on HIV infection in vitro." Ann Israel Congress Microbiol February 6-7.
Schmitzer, Valentina, Robert Veberic, and Franci Stampar. 2012. "European elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) and American Elderberry (Sambucus canadensis L.): Botanical, chemical and health properties of flowers, berries and their products." In Berries: Properties, Consumption and Nutrition, edited by Carlo Tuberoso, 127-148. Waltham, MA: Nova Biomedical.
Zakay-Rones, Z, and E. Thorn, T. Wollan, and J. Wadstein. 2004. "Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza A and B virus infections." Journal of International Medical Research 32:132-140.