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Herbarium: Medicinal Plants as Information Worthy Worts: Comprehensive Comparison of the Histories, Structures, and Therapeutic Uses of Plants in the Scrophulariaceae and Asteraceae Families In order to better understand the “worts'” categorization, an analysis of the plants within the Scrophulariaceae family (Scrophularia californica, Scrophularia scorodonia, and Galvezia juncea) and two plants within the Asteraceae family (Artemisia douglasiana and Artemisia campestris) was conducted. Through research thus far, it was found that these aforementioned plants share structural similarities in terms of aspects that include venation of the leaves. The most prominent common denominator of the wort category is that they all have therapeutic uses. Among the historical therapeutic uses found in the literature are anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and antioxidant uses. These benefits have been utilized from societies ranging from the American Indians to the Europeans. -By Chris Leung, Catly Do, Fady Tawfik, and Sean Jamali. Exploring the Sages: Medicinal Properties and Appearances of Artemisia Californica and Salvia Apiana Both plants Artemisia Californica and Salvia apiana under the category of sages play important roles in maintaining the growth of their local ecosystems with similar habitats, medicinal properties, and flowering appearances during the times of collection. However, they also share important differences in their flowering and growth patterns as well as the active agents used for their medicinal properties. In analyzing the similarities and differences between these two plants regarding appearances, climate, medicinal properties, and growth patterns, the similarities in how they are able to provide and support their local ecosystems is the big picture idea that can be understood. - By Stephanie Bottomley, Rasika Obla, Tony Ong, and Balpreet Sond. Tea Time: Exploring the Medicinal Properties of Bark-Use Plants from a Traditional Ecological Knowledge Context This page discusses three different plants that contain significant medicinal properties in their bark and have been historically used by indigenous communities throughout North America: Populus tremuloides, Frangula californica subsp. californica, and Amelanchier alnifolia. These species will be compared on a global scale by examining the bark-based applications of two related species from Africa and East Asia: Dovyalis caffra and Rhaphiolepis umbellata. Despite their phenotypic differences and the differences in their medicinal properties, all five of these plants have been used to help relieve symptoms of communicable and chronic diseases through the direct digestion of tea like remedies made from the boiled bark of these plants. -By Saja Zidan, Maha Ulhaq, Kate Santoso, Gillian, Miller, Anna Jovin, and Luc Lorain The History, Comparison, and Analysis of Parasitic Plants Our project presents the process of collecting and researching the special characteristics of parasitic plants. We explore each plant's respective medical practices and compare them to epiphytic plants that are similar to our original plants of interest. In each project, we individually explain how the plants were collected, identified, translated, and classified. The contextual reasons behind this process are also presented and connected to the general unique characteristics of parasitic plants. Each page provides a collection of media images that visually represent the main plant of interest, the epiphytic plant, the historical materia medica image, and the individual journal observations that we made of our respective plants. We offer comparative analysis and highlight important parts of each specimen throughout these photos. - By Khang Vo, Jessica McLaughlin, Alastair Sterns, and Dania Alkoraishi Combating Coughs: The Respiratory Remedies across North America Bioprospecting and the application of materia medica have played central roles in the remedy of physical ailments in humans throughout history. From ancient cultures utilizing extracts from leaves and roots to modern medicinal practices extracting medicinal properties from plants to put into pills and other therapies, materia medica has and remains a relevant and growing practice. Here, we examine various plants from North America and their varied characteristics, though they share similar medicinal properties.- By Raymond Ko, Mari Williams, Elizabeth Pham, Julia Tang, Cienna Henry Milton, and Emma Barrall Antiseptics in Nature: An exploratory analysis of Coptis trifolia and Larrea tridentata The following research studies common properties of plants used as potential antiseptic medicinal use. Explained more in depth later on, the first page introduces the plant Coptis trifolia, and its common characteristics with a similar plant, Thalictrum fendleri. The second page studies Larrea Tridentata found at the UCLA Herbarium and its living species at the UCLA Botanical Garden. The pages also examine other species found at the UCLA Botanical Garden, with references of possible characteristics which may allude to the specificity and uniqueness of the plants and objects. These three species studied share a common use as an antiseptic. - By Neha Shetty, Simran Athwal, Mariah Ghodrat, Madeline Huttie, and Liam Kordmahale-Izaddoust Plant Specimen and their Alias : Exploring the Identity of Plants with Animal in the Name Lycium torreyi and Equisetum laevigatum, both plant species with an animal in their name, were explored for their characteristics and relationship to their respective animals. Through extensive research, we deduce several similarities and differences between our plants that led us to an understanding of why each plant earned their colloquial name, or alias. Lycium torreyi and Equisetum laevigatum, alias Wolfberry and Smooth Horsetail, respectively, have several commonalities and differences to their corresponding animal including physical and character traits as well as their medicinal qualities. Images, observations and outside research portray the many queries and answers to their common name. By Frieda Anastopulos, Alexa Hernandez, Denise Llera, Chelsea Okoro, Grace Randall Precious Polygonaceae: Insight into the Historical Collection and Therapeutic Uses of Polygonum, Eriogonum, and Rumex Genera This comparative analysis took to exploring six species under the Polygonaceae plant family, half of which are housed in the UCLA Herbarium and half of which are located in the Mildred E. Mathias Botanical Garden at UCLA. Although they shared a meaningful commonality, these plants fell under a total of three genuses, which seems to explain their differences in morphology - as observed in the physical herbarium specimen sheets and the botanical garden visit - and utility, as unveiled by various Materia Medica entries. However, with an understanding of both historical and modern collection processes, this analysis also postulated that such differences could relate to how these plants were collected and their associated metadata. - By Moryel Yashar, Lexie Baughman, Nicole Cohen, Yair Tabibi, Tabetha Sanchez, and Leah Tabibi Bidens pilosa, Crataegus douglasii, and Urtica dioica effects on Cardiovascular System Bidens pilosa, Crataegus douglasii, and Urtica dioica are medicinal plants that have been found to contain a myriad of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, antioxidants, and polyphenol compounds. These compounds are known to have significant effects on the cardiovascular system by primarily targeting systolic hypertension. Plant extracts and their derivatives ameliorate oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension associated with cardiovascular disease. This association is due to the characteristics of anti-inflammatory, vasorelaxant, and antiviral activity within the specimen. These medicinal outcomes are elicited to prevent the onset of cardiovascular diseases risk factors. Overall, Bidens pilosa, Crataegus douglasii, and Urtica dioica play a crucial role in cardioprotective effects and health benefits. - By Salma Fawzi, Anaeli Guzman, Rere Huang, Lilliane Martin, Isabel Nakoud, and Sriha Srinivasan A History and Analysis of Antiviral Medicinal Plants Medicinal plants vary wildly among cultures around the world, and proper identification, collections, and bioprospecting of these plants expand upon modern medicine and provide new possibilities of drugs. Exploration of historical materia medica, preserved herbarium specimens, and observation of plants both in adaptations and chosen environment allow for the discovery of new medical leads. Three plants in particular, Eclipta prostrata, Astragalus nuttallii var. Nuttallii, and Sambucus canadensis, have historically been documented and used in medicine for their antiviral properties. Through the process of observation as well as investigation of historic cultural uses, much can be learned about these medicinal plants that carry these critical properties. - By Allison Wang, Joanne Kwak, Nina Do, Nicolo Villasis, Sabrina Huang, and Hamza Mojadidi

Leaf of Artemisia douglasiana

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1. Leaf of Artemisia douglasiana

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History of Artemisia douglasiana and its Therapeutic Usage Artemisia douglasiana, also known as the California mugwort, is a medicinal plant that can help reduce joint pain and headaches as well as play a role in menopause. Moreover, the historical Materia Medica plant Artemisia campestris (mugwort) serves as a medicinal halophytic shrub with uses throughout history typically involving herbal teas that have been thought to act as an anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. In a more general scope, the Artemisia plants possess a chemical known as “Artemisinin” which can be used as an active ingredient with the capability of being used in an anti-malarial context, which can have life-saving implications. -By Fady Tawfik and Sean Jamali The plant from the UCLA herbarium and botanical garden is called Artemisia douglasiana. Artemisia douglasiana is classified under the family Asteraceae and under the taxon: Artemisia douglasiana Bess. However, the plant from the historical Materia Medica is called Artemisia campestris (mugwort) and belongs to the same genus as the UCLA herbarium and botanical garden specimen: Artemisia douglasiana (California mugwort). Artemisia campestris particularly illustrates the flowering stem, leaves, roots and floral segments of the mugwort. The herbarium specimen displays Artemisia douglasiana as a mature plant in full flower while the botanical garden specimen does not display any seedlings or flowers. The botanical garden leaves from Artemisia douglasiana differ in branching from the leaves of Artemisia campestris as they appear to be noticeably thicker. With regards to the UCLA Herbarium, the plant was collected from Santa Ynez Canyon at Sunset Blvd at Santa Monica Mountains on September 16,1967 by T. A. Geissman. The specimen was treated under Lauryl pentachlorophenate, a chemical preservant. The historical plant, on the other hand, is called Artemisia campestris and was engraved by the engraver James Sowerby during the latter half of the 18th century, particularly on August 1, 1796 in London. The image is a colored engraving that is meant to conveniently display the stem, the flowering form of the plant, as well as the mature version with the bottom depicting a straight line array of the elements of the flowering segments. The significance of this image can be attributed to the artist James Sowerby, who was a naturalist that attempted to be an heir to Carl Linnaeus’s taxonomic throne. The plants’ contextual uses can be further traced back to their medicinal properties.

Historically, Artemisia campestris is considered a medicinal halophytic shrub and is commonly spotted in coastal sand dunes, especially throughout the sand dunes of the European Atlantic coast, as well as in the Santa heights area in the Americas. Before settlers arrived in the Americas, Artemisia douglasiana (California mugwort) was used by Native Americans, namely the Chumash and Cahuilla. The Chumash and Cahuilla found use of the plant primarily for the treatment of nervous and spasmodic (episodic) affections. The majority of the medicinal value of the plant tends to revolve around the leaves of the plant.

Nervous and Spasmodic affections, such as rashes caused by poison oak and headaches, were treated through the use of water in which the leaves of Artemisia douglasiana have been simmering. Additionally, this tea was used by Native Americans to provide benefits in the treatment of female period pains, rheumatism and gout. The teas produced with the leaves and or the stems of Artemisia douglasiana and other similar plants have also been known to be used by the Europeans as an anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic (fever reducer). The annotations written on the images of Artemisia douglasiana reflect the utility of the various areas of the plant in addition to describing the plant’s history of medical uses.

WORKS CITED
“Artemisia Campestris.” 2021. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. May 13. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_campestris#:~: text=Artemisia%20campestris%20is%20a%20branching ,rocky%20slopes%2C%20and%20waste%20areas.
Ekiert, Halina, et al. “Significance of Artemisia Vulgaris L. (Common Mugwort) in the History of Medicine and Its Possible Contemporary Applications Substantiated by Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies.” Molecules, vol. 25, no. 19, 2020, p. 4415., https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194415.
“James Sowerby.” 2021. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. April 17. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sowerby.
“James Sowerby.” 2022. The Linnean Society. Accessed January 31. https://www.linnean.org/learning/biomedia/art-in-science/james-sowerby.
Pereira, Catarina et. al. 2018. “Health Promoting Potential of Herbal Teas and Tinctures from Artemisia Campestris Subsp. Maritima: From Traditional Remedies to Prospective Products.” Nature News. Nature Publishing Group. March 16. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-23038-6#:~:text=The%20species%2C%20A.,anti%2Dinflammatory%20and%20antipyretic16.
Sowerby, James. (engraver). 1796. “Mugwort (Artemisia campestris).” Wellcome Collection,24960i.
T. A. Geissman. 2022. CCH2 Portal detailed Collection Record Information. Accessed March 8. https://www.cch2.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=5210983&clid=0.